ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology
● Anatomy – Study of structure. (What it is. What it looks like. How
it's built.)
● Physiology – Study of function. (What it does. How it works. How it
keeps you alive.)
Types of Anatomy
TYPE DESCRIPTION SAMPLE FOCUS
Developmental Structural changes Fetal growth
Anatomy from conception to
adulthood
Embryology Development from Formation of organ
conception to 8 weeks systems
Cytology Structure of cells Cell organelles
Histology Study of tissues Epithelial vs connective
tissue
Gross Anatomy Structures visible Muscles, bones
without microscope
Systemic Anatomy Studies by system Cardiovascular system
Regional Anatomy Studies by region Abdomen, arm, etc.
Surface Anatomy Exterior landmarks Pulse points, chest wall
, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomical Imaging (Non-invasive ways to see inside the
body)
TYPE DESCRIPTION NOTES
X-ray Uses shortwave Shows bones clearly
radiation (white on film)
Ultrasound High-frequency sound Used for pregnancy,
waves soft tissues
CT Scan (Computed Rotating X-rays with Gives a 3D
tomographic) computer analysis cross-section
DSA (Digital CT + dye to highlight Best for seeing blood
subtraction blood vessels flow
angiography)
MRI (Magnetic Uses magnets + radio Great for soft tissues &
resonance imaging) waves brain
PET Scan (Positron Detects active Used to study brain &
emission metabolism cancers
tomographic)
What is Physiology?
● Study of how the body works and responds to stimuli
● Involves homeostasis (keeping internal conditions stable despite
external changes)
FOCUS MEANING
Cell Physiology Inside the cell (organelles, ATP, etc.)
Systemic Physiology Whole organ systems (e.g.
respiratory)
CHAPTER 1: THE HUMAN ORGANISM
1.1 Anatomy and Physiology
● Anatomy – Study of structure. (What it is. What it looks like. How
it's built.)
● Physiology – Study of function. (What it does. How it works. How it
keeps you alive.)
Types of Anatomy
TYPE DESCRIPTION SAMPLE FOCUS
Developmental Structural changes Fetal growth
Anatomy from conception to
adulthood
Embryology Development from Formation of organ
conception to 8 weeks systems
Cytology Structure of cells Cell organelles
Histology Study of tissues Epithelial vs connective
tissue
Gross Anatomy Structures visible Muscles, bones
without microscope
Systemic Anatomy Studies by system Cardiovascular system
Regional Anatomy Studies by region Abdomen, arm, etc.
Surface Anatomy Exterior landmarks Pulse points, chest wall
, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomical Imaging (Non-invasive ways to see inside the
body)
TYPE DESCRIPTION NOTES
X-ray Uses shortwave Shows bones clearly
radiation (white on film)
Ultrasound High-frequency sound Used for pregnancy,
waves soft tissues
CT Scan (Computed Rotating X-rays with Gives a 3D
tomographic) computer analysis cross-section
DSA (Digital CT + dye to highlight Best for seeing blood
subtraction blood vessels flow
angiography)
MRI (Magnetic Uses magnets + radio Great for soft tissues &
resonance imaging) waves brain
PET Scan (Positron Detects active Used to study brain &
emission metabolism cancers
tomographic)
What is Physiology?
● Study of how the body works and responds to stimuli
● Involves homeostasis (keeping internal conditions stable despite
external changes)
FOCUS MEANING
Cell Physiology Inside the cell (organelles, ATP, etc.)
Systemic Physiology Whole organ systems (e.g.
respiratory)
