PCT Fresenius exam | 2025-2026 LATEST UPDATED|150 ACTUAL EXAM
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT |
100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED A+
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? - (answer)REGULATE, SYNTHESIS,
ENDOCRINE:
Regulate fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes, acid-base balance, synthesize
calcitrol (active vitamin D), secrete erythropoietin and release renin
what is the glomerular filtration rate in the five stages of kidney disease? -
(answer)flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney
stage 1: 90+
stage 2:60-89
stage 3: 30-59
stage 4: 15-29
stage 5: <15
,what are the types and stages of kidney failure? - (answer)acute renal failure:
sudden onset, severe, usually reversible. can be caused by drug toxicity,
dehydration, or motor vehicle accident
Chronic renal failure: slow onset, progressive, permanent. can be caused by
diabetes, hypertension, or genetic disease such as glomerulonephritis or
nephrosclerosis
what are the signs and symptoms of renal failure or uremia? - (answer)elevated
serum levels of BUN/Creatinine, phosphorus, potassium. anemia, nerve damage,
yellow-gray appearance of skin, fluid overload, dyspnea, edema, hypertension,
proteinuria, uremia, lethargy, weakness, headache, itching, fatigue, nausea
restlessness, mental change, loss of appetite.
what is anemia and how is it treated? - (answer)lack of RBC (decreased or lack of
erythropoietin production). iron binds with hemoglobin in RBC and transports
oxygen. it is treated using erythropoieting stimulating agents and usually
administered IV.
,which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? -
(answer)removal of waste products and regulation of fluid balance. dialysis does
not regulate endocrine production
list briefly and describe three modalities of treatment for end stage renal disease -
(answer)Hemodialysis: uses vascular access to draw blood from patient and send to
dialyzer and into semipermeable membrane where diffusion removes waste
products and ultrafiltration removes fluid. provides approximately 15% of the
normal function of the kidney.
peritoneal dialysis: continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis and continuous
ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. both types use permanent catheter in highly
vascularized peritoneal cavity. dialysate is infused into peritoneal space and
allowed to dwell and then drained. excess fluid and waste is removed through
osmosis and diffusion
what is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialyisis? -
(answer)Hemo: outpatient, dialyzer is used to remove waste from blood via
diffusion and fluid is removed through ultra filtration.
, peritoneal: home setting, peritoneal membrane is the semipermeable membrane
that filters waste and fluid removal occurs via osmotic pressure and concentration
gradients caused by the dextrose solution and dwell times.
when is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? -
(answer)seen within the first half hour of treatment. sneezing, itching, pain at
access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever are symptoms.
alarm conditions - (answer)Blood: blood leak, air detector, venous/arterial
pressure, TMP. stops the blood pump therefor blood is not cleaned and no
ultrafiltration. potential for clotting due to stagnant blood
Dialysate: conductivity high/low, temperature. dialysate goes into bypass so no
cleaning of blood. uf continues.
what are the body fluid compartments? - (answer)50-70% of body is water.
intracellular, extracellular, intravascular, interstitial.
COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS | 100% RATED CORRECT |
100% VERFIED | ALREADY GRADED A+
What are the functions of a healthy kidney? - (answer)REGULATE, SYNTHESIS,
ENDOCRINE:
Regulate fluid balance, blood volume, electrolytes, acid-base balance, synthesize
calcitrol (active vitamin D), secrete erythropoietin and release renin
what is the glomerular filtration rate in the five stages of kidney disease? -
(answer)flow rate of filtered fluid through the kidney
stage 1: 90+
stage 2:60-89
stage 3: 30-59
stage 4: 15-29
stage 5: <15
,what are the types and stages of kidney failure? - (answer)acute renal failure:
sudden onset, severe, usually reversible. can be caused by drug toxicity,
dehydration, or motor vehicle accident
Chronic renal failure: slow onset, progressive, permanent. can be caused by
diabetes, hypertension, or genetic disease such as glomerulonephritis or
nephrosclerosis
what are the signs and symptoms of renal failure or uremia? - (answer)elevated
serum levels of BUN/Creatinine, phosphorus, potassium. anemia, nerve damage,
yellow-gray appearance of skin, fluid overload, dyspnea, edema, hypertension,
proteinuria, uremia, lethargy, weakness, headache, itching, fatigue, nausea
restlessness, mental change, loss of appetite.
what is anemia and how is it treated? - (answer)lack of RBC (decreased or lack of
erythropoietin production). iron binds with hemoglobin in RBC and transports
oxygen. it is treated using erythropoieting stimulating agents and usually
administered IV.
,which of the functions of healthy kidneys are replaced by dialysis? -
(answer)removal of waste products and regulation of fluid balance. dialysis does
not regulate endocrine production
list briefly and describe three modalities of treatment for end stage renal disease -
(answer)Hemodialysis: uses vascular access to draw blood from patient and send to
dialyzer and into semipermeable membrane where diffusion removes waste
products and ultrafiltration removes fluid. provides approximately 15% of the
normal function of the kidney.
peritoneal dialysis: continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis and continuous
ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. both types use permanent catheter in highly
vascularized peritoneal cavity. dialysate is infused into peritoneal space and
allowed to dwell and then drained. excess fluid and waste is removed through
osmosis and diffusion
what is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialyisis? -
(answer)Hemo: outpatient, dialyzer is used to remove waste from blood via
diffusion and fluid is removed through ultra filtration.
, peritoneal: home setting, peritoneal membrane is the semipermeable membrane
that filters waste and fluid removal occurs via osmotic pressure and concentration
gradients caused by the dextrose solution and dwell times.
when is it known that a patient has developed sensitivity to a dialyzer? -
(answer)seen within the first half hour of treatment. sneezing, itching, pain at
access site, chest pain, rashing, hives, fever are symptoms.
alarm conditions - (answer)Blood: blood leak, air detector, venous/arterial
pressure, TMP. stops the blood pump therefor blood is not cleaned and no
ultrafiltration. potential for clotting due to stagnant blood
Dialysate: conductivity high/low, temperature. dialysate goes into bypass so no
cleaning of blood. uf continues.
what are the body fluid compartments? - (answer)50-70% of body is water.
intracellular, extracellular, intravascular, interstitial.
