NBCE BOARDS PART II – CHIROPRACTIC
PRACTICES EXAM VERSION 2 2025/2026 WITH
ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS |FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS |ALREADY GRADED
A+|NEWEST|BRAND NEW
VERSION!!|GUARANTEED PASS
what is the vertebral subluxation complex hypothesis
vertebral subluxation is the alteration in bony alignment and that segmental dysfunction
commonly progresses to intervertebral subluxation and spinal degeneration
causes pathological changes in nerve, muscle, ligament, vascular, and connective tissue
what is the inflammation hypothesis
acute or chronic inflammation could predispose the patient to develop spinal articular lesions in
response to the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine
inflamed tissue responds by producing eicosanoids, cytokines, NO and sub P which further
inflames the surrounding tissue resulting in swelling, pain, and loss of function
what is the gate theory of pain
activation of mechanoreceptors inhibits pain fibers in the dorsal horn
when a joint is gapped during a chiropractic adjustment, a huge number of mechanoreceptors
are stimulated which stimulates inhibitory interneurons located in the SG which suppress the
transmission of nociception to the thalamus = reduced pain
who developed the gate theory of pain
Wall and Melzack in 1965
bonica blood supply to head, brain, ear
C1-3
bonica heart
1|Page
,T1-5
bonica lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura
T2-7
bonica gallbladder, CBD
T5-10
bonica liver
T5-10
bonica stomach
T5-10
bonica pancreas, duodenum
T5-10
bonica adrenal glands
T7-L1
bonica kidneys, ureters
T10-12
bonica sex organs, bladder, prostate, uterus
S2-4
bonica testes
T10
cervical facet angulation, orientation, plane
45 PMS transverse
thoracic facet angulation, orientation, plane
60 PML transverse
lumbar facet angulation, orientation, plane
90 PM sagittal
lumbosacral facet angulation, orientation, plane
2|Page
,90 P coronal
alar / check ligaments
posterior dens to occipital condyles, limits rotation between head and C2
apical ligament
Extends from apex of dens to anterior aspect of foramen magnum
anterior longitudinal ligament
sacrum to base of occiput
cruciate ligament
what does it limit
c2 to occiput and between the colliculi atlantis
limits lateral translation and flexion of the neck
ligamentum flavum
what does it limit
between adjacent laminae, very elastic
prevents buckling in extension
ligamentum nuchae
continutation of supraspinous ligament from C7-EOP
posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
between posterior arch of C1 and occiput, may be calcified and form a posterior ponticle
posterior longitudinal ligament
c2 to sacrum, very thin and weak
supraspinous ligament
Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)
tectorial membrane
continuation of PLL beyond C2 into foramen magnum
composition of a disc
fibrocartilage
3|Page
, composition of annulus fibrosis
15-20 concentric laminae made of type 1 collagen
fiber directions of a disc
65 degrees to the horizontal alternating
composition of nucleus pulposus
gelatinous mass with type 2 collagen and proteoglycans
composition of vertebral endplate
thin hyaline cartilagenous plate attached to VBs via Sharpey fibers
innervations of a disc
outer 1/2 by recurrent meningeal / sinuvertebral n. and gray sympathetic rami
nutrition to a disc
diffusion via adjacent VBs through porous endplates
thinnest disc
thoracic
thickest disc
lumbar
superior boundary of IVF
pedicle and inferior vertebral notch
inferior boundary of IVF
pedicle and superior vertebral notch
anterior boundary of IVF
posterolateral aspect of adjacent VBs, discs
posterior boundary of IVF
anterior aspect of facet joint and capsule
contents of IVF
4|Page
PRACTICES EXAM VERSION 2 2025/2026 WITH
ACTUAL CORRECT QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
DETAILED ANSWERS |FREQUENTLY TESTED
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS |ALREADY GRADED
A+|NEWEST|BRAND NEW
VERSION!!|GUARANTEED PASS
what is the vertebral subluxation complex hypothesis
vertebral subluxation is the alteration in bony alignment and that segmental dysfunction
commonly progresses to intervertebral subluxation and spinal degeneration
causes pathological changes in nerve, muscle, ligament, vascular, and connective tissue
what is the inflammation hypothesis
acute or chronic inflammation could predispose the patient to develop spinal articular lesions in
response to the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine
inflamed tissue responds by producing eicosanoids, cytokines, NO and sub P which further
inflames the surrounding tissue resulting in swelling, pain, and loss of function
what is the gate theory of pain
activation of mechanoreceptors inhibits pain fibers in the dorsal horn
when a joint is gapped during a chiropractic adjustment, a huge number of mechanoreceptors
are stimulated which stimulates inhibitory interneurons located in the SG which suppress the
transmission of nociception to the thalamus = reduced pain
who developed the gate theory of pain
Wall and Melzack in 1965
bonica blood supply to head, brain, ear
C1-3
bonica heart
1|Page
,T1-5
bonica lungs, bronchial tubes, pleura
T2-7
bonica gallbladder, CBD
T5-10
bonica liver
T5-10
bonica stomach
T5-10
bonica pancreas, duodenum
T5-10
bonica adrenal glands
T7-L1
bonica kidneys, ureters
T10-12
bonica sex organs, bladder, prostate, uterus
S2-4
bonica testes
T10
cervical facet angulation, orientation, plane
45 PMS transverse
thoracic facet angulation, orientation, plane
60 PML transverse
lumbar facet angulation, orientation, plane
90 PM sagittal
lumbosacral facet angulation, orientation, plane
2|Page
,90 P coronal
alar / check ligaments
posterior dens to occipital condyles, limits rotation between head and C2
apical ligament
Extends from apex of dens to anterior aspect of foramen magnum
anterior longitudinal ligament
sacrum to base of occiput
cruciate ligament
what does it limit
c2 to occiput and between the colliculi atlantis
limits lateral translation and flexion of the neck
ligamentum flavum
what does it limit
between adjacent laminae, very elastic
prevents buckling in extension
ligamentum nuchae
continutation of supraspinous ligament from C7-EOP
posterior atlanto-occipital membrane
between posterior arch of C1 and occiput, may be calcified and form a posterior ponticle
posterior longitudinal ligament
c2 to sacrum, very thin and weak
supraspinous ligament
Connects tips of spinous processes (C7 to sacrum)
tectorial membrane
continuation of PLL beyond C2 into foramen magnum
composition of a disc
fibrocartilage
3|Page
, composition of annulus fibrosis
15-20 concentric laminae made of type 1 collagen
fiber directions of a disc
65 degrees to the horizontal alternating
composition of nucleus pulposus
gelatinous mass with type 2 collagen and proteoglycans
composition of vertebral endplate
thin hyaline cartilagenous plate attached to VBs via Sharpey fibers
innervations of a disc
outer 1/2 by recurrent meningeal / sinuvertebral n. and gray sympathetic rami
nutrition to a disc
diffusion via adjacent VBs through porous endplates
thinnest disc
thoracic
thickest disc
lumbar
superior boundary of IVF
pedicle and inferior vertebral notch
inferior boundary of IVF
pedicle and superior vertebral notch
anterior boundary of IVF
posterolateral aspect of adjacent VBs, discs
posterior boundary of IVF
anterior aspect of facet joint and capsule
contents of IVF
4|Page
