BIO 302 PLANT TAXONOMY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS #12
1. Angiosperm morphology:
2. Gymnosperm morphology:
3.Why are scientific names needed?: confusion would reign if taxonomic
entities could bear more than one entity
4.Why Latin?: because of its classical history and it is no longer in active
use
5.What is a binomial?: composed of two names - genus name and species
epithet
6.How do you know who published a given name?: authorship - the name
of the person who first validly published the name comes after the
family name
7.What role did Linnaeus play in developing nomenclatural rules?:
Linnaeus was the first to consistently use binomial nomenclature -
father of taxonomy
8.Who authored the first uniform rules, and when and where?: A.P. De
Can- dolle, 1867, Vienna - Lois de Nomenclature Botanique
9.When was the first truly international code adopted, when and where
was the meeting?: 1908, Vienna
10.What is the starting point for modern plant nomenclature?: May 1,
1753 - publication date of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus
11.International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants: Was
formerly the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; "Melbourne
Code"; the 'code' governs 2 basic activities:
1) naming new taxa
2) determining correct names of previously named taxa
12.tautonym: name of a species in which the specific epithet exactly
repeats the generic name; not permissible in the botanical code
13.nomenclature type method: serves the purpose of acting as a
reference for the name, upon which the name is based; different types
1/
17
,BIO 302 PLANT TAXONOMY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS #12
of types
14.holotype: sole specimen of a species or infraspecific taxon used as
the type specimen designated by the author as the type or holotype;
name-bearing specimen
15.isotype: duplicate specimen of the holotype, being a part of the same
individual (or gathering) that forms the holotype
2/
17
,BIO 302 PLANT TAXONOMY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS #12
16.paratype: specimen cited but that is not a holotype, isotope, or syntyp
17.epitype: specimen designated to stand along side a holotype that is
no longer adequate to serve alone as the type
18.neotype: specimen derived from a non-original collection that is
selected to serve as the type when holotypes/isotypes unavailable
19.lectotype: selected from the original material to serve as the type
when holotype not available or not designated by original author
20.priority: > the first published, legitimate name is the correct one -
one that follows the rules of the code; illegitimate names: homonyms,
superfluous names, tautonyms; synonyms: additional names
published later for the same taxon
>priority valid only within rank; family, genus, species, subspecies,
variety, form
>starting date for priority: May 1, 1753 Species Plantarum - Linnaeus
>exceptions: commonly used names may be conserved: 60% majority
by Interna- tional Botanical Congress Committee
>conserved names are commonly used or economically important
21.What are the 6 basic tenets (principles) of the Code?: 1) The Code
is independent of other codes.
2) Typification - all names at family level and below must be based on a
nomenclat- ural type; type of a species = a specimen; type of a genus
= species name; type of a family = genus name
3) Priority of publication - the oldest valid name for a taxon is the one
that must be used
4) Only one correct name per taxon - valid publication, names must be
published in a way that will reach others in the field,
conservation/rejection
5) Names are Latin or Latinized
6) Rules are retroactive unless otherwise indicated
22.What are meant by the terms effective and valid publication?: 1)
valid publication: a name only exists (according to the code) once it
has been validly published
2) effective publication: recognized, permanent, accessible work
(newspapers do not count), name must be in correct Latin form with
designation of rank, name must be accompanied by a description or
diagnosis in Latin or English, type must be designated
23.How are new species names published?: Taxonomic revision
>Taxa united - union of two taxa at the same rank
>Taxa divided
3/
17
1. Angiosperm morphology:
2. Gymnosperm morphology:
3.Why are scientific names needed?: confusion would reign if taxonomic
entities could bear more than one entity
4.Why Latin?: because of its classical history and it is no longer in active
use
5.What is a binomial?: composed of two names - genus name and species
epithet
6.How do you know who published a given name?: authorship - the name
of the person who first validly published the name comes after the
family name
7.What role did Linnaeus play in developing nomenclatural rules?:
Linnaeus was the first to consistently use binomial nomenclature -
father of taxonomy
8.Who authored the first uniform rules, and when and where?: A.P. De
Can- dolle, 1867, Vienna - Lois de Nomenclature Botanique
9.When was the first truly international code adopted, when and where
was the meeting?: 1908, Vienna
10.What is the starting point for modern plant nomenclature?: May 1,
1753 - publication date of Species Plantarum by Linnaeus
11.International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants: Was
formerly the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature; "Melbourne
Code"; the 'code' governs 2 basic activities:
1) naming new taxa
2) determining correct names of previously named taxa
12.tautonym: name of a species in which the specific epithet exactly
repeats the generic name; not permissible in the botanical code
13.nomenclature type method: serves the purpose of acting as a
reference for the name, upon which the name is based; different types
1/
17
,BIO 302 PLANT TAXONOMY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS #12
of types
14.holotype: sole specimen of a species or infraspecific taxon used as
the type specimen designated by the author as the type or holotype;
name-bearing specimen
15.isotype: duplicate specimen of the holotype, being a part of the same
individual (or gathering) that forms the holotype
2/
17
,BIO 302 PLANT TAXONOMY FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS #12
16.paratype: specimen cited but that is not a holotype, isotope, or syntyp
17.epitype: specimen designated to stand along side a holotype that is
no longer adequate to serve alone as the type
18.neotype: specimen derived from a non-original collection that is
selected to serve as the type when holotypes/isotypes unavailable
19.lectotype: selected from the original material to serve as the type
when holotype not available or not designated by original author
20.priority: > the first published, legitimate name is the correct one -
one that follows the rules of the code; illegitimate names: homonyms,
superfluous names, tautonyms; synonyms: additional names
published later for the same taxon
>priority valid only within rank; family, genus, species, subspecies,
variety, form
>starting date for priority: May 1, 1753 Species Plantarum - Linnaeus
>exceptions: commonly used names may be conserved: 60% majority
by Interna- tional Botanical Congress Committee
>conserved names are commonly used or economically important
21.What are the 6 basic tenets (principles) of the Code?: 1) The Code
is independent of other codes.
2) Typification - all names at family level and below must be based on a
nomenclat- ural type; type of a species = a specimen; type of a genus
= species name; type of a family = genus name
3) Priority of publication - the oldest valid name for a taxon is the one
that must be used
4) Only one correct name per taxon - valid publication, names must be
published in a way that will reach others in the field,
conservation/rejection
5) Names are Latin or Latinized
6) Rules are retroactive unless otherwise indicated
22.What are meant by the terms effective and valid publication?: 1)
valid publication: a name only exists (according to the code) once it
has been validly published
2) effective publication: recognized, permanent, accessible work
(newspapers do not count), name must be in correct Latin form with
designation of rank, name must be accompanied by a description or
diagnosis in Latin or English, type must be designated
23.How are new species names published?: Taxonomic revision
>Taxa united - union of two taxa at the same rank
>Taxa divided
3/
17
