LOGIC
(ASST. PROF. ERICO JOSEPH T. CANETE)
PART I INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY
History:
-Pythagoras
-500 BC
-Athens
Etymology:
Philos - a love and Sophos - of wisdom = Philosophy
Philos - a lover and Sophos - of wisdom = Philosopher
Formal Definition:
Science of being in their ultimate causes, reasons and principles as known by the aid of human
reason alone.
Important points in the definition:
a. Science – unit of systematized knowledge based on evidence & demonstration of principles.
Philosophy as a science is also a unit of systematized knowledge.
Ex. Chemistry discovered that water is H2O as true,
Philosophy’s claim that man is a rational animal is also true.
b. Being – anything that or which exists. Meaning, philosophy studies everything.
Kinds of being:
1. Real being – that w/c exists here and now.
2. Ideal being – that which has the potency to exist.
3. Logical being – purely a fabrication of the mind. Outside the mind there is no existence.
c. Ultimate causes, reasons and principles – meaning philosophy studies the ultimate causes of
things, reasons for its existence and the principles governing things.
d. Human reason – is the only tool used by philosophers in studying being.
,Brief Explanation about the Branches of Philosophy:
1.Metaphysics or Ontology – studies being and its transcendental
properties.
2.Theodicy – studies God using human reason alone.
3.Cosmology – studies the corporeal world.
4.Philosophy of Man – studies man as a compound of body and soul.
5.Logic – science of correct thinking and reasoning.
6.Epistemology – studies the validity of knowledge.
7.Ethics – philosophical science dealing with the morality of human
actions.
8.Social Philosophy – studies man in society.
DISCIPLINES OF PHILOSOPHY:
I PHILOSOPHY IS A DISCIPLINE OF QUESTIONING.
a. “An unexamined life is not worth living & dying”.(Socrates)
b. We have to raise questions about our self, society and God.
II PHILOSOPHY IS A DISCIPLINE OF LIBERATION.
Philosophy liberates or frees us from;
a. Simplistic explanation
b. Unquestioning acceptance
c. False dogmatism or teaching
III PHILOSOPHY IS A DISCIPLINE OF DOING, ACTING AND BEHAVING.
Before, Philosophy was purely considered as thinking & reasoning.
Dangers if philosophy is purely considered as thinking & reasoning;
a. Philosophy becomes myopic.
b. Philosophy becomes an elitist discipline.
c. Philosophy becomes sterile.
Nowadays, to avoid the dangers, philosophy is considered as thinking & reasoning plus doing,
acting & behaving.
PROOFS:
1.Hindu, Philosophy = Darsana
- Seeing reality not just with the eyes but with ones totality.
2. Chinese, philosophy is Chih Shueh.
Shueh means learning and consequently thinking and reasoning.
Chih is symbolized by three characters;
a. Mouth - words
b. Hand – deeds
c. Ruler – measurement
This means, measuring ones words with ones deeds.
Confucius, “A true philosopher is he who acts before he speaks and speaks according to his
acts”.
May we be all philosophers then!!!
, PART II ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC
Definition of LOGIC – Science of those principles laws and methods which the mind of man in
its thinking must follow for the accurate and secure attainment of truth.
Diagram of Aristotelian Logic:
Mental Act Mental Product External Sign Logical Issue
Apprehension or Idea Term Predicability
Abstraction
Judgment Enunciation Proposition Predication
Reasoning Argumentation Syllogism Inference
Explanation:
Sensation is the first step in the process of knowing. Note that this is not yet part of the mental
act (see diagram). What you sensed is the phantasm and it is passed to the mind or intellect for
abstraction.
1. The first step or mental act is ABSTRACTION. It is a process wherein the intellect strips
the non essential qualities leaving the essential ones forming them into one intellectual
image or IDEA. Idea is a mental product w/c still exists in the mind. The moment you
verbalize or write it or externalize it, it becomes a TERM, ex., man. PREDICABILTY is the
whole logical issue or the name of the process.
2. 2. The second step is JUDGMENT. It is a process of comparing one idea with another
idea pronouncing their agreement or disagreement. The product of judgment or the
moment you have it on your mind, it’s called ENUNCIATION. The moment you verbalize
or write it or externalize it, it becomes a PROPOSITION, ex., Man is a rational animal.
PREDICATION is the whole logical issue or the name of the process.
3. 4. The third & final mental act is REASONING. It is a process wherein two judgments are
compared having a common idea & a conclusion at the end. The product of reasoning or
the moment you have it on your mind, it’s called ARGUMENTATION. The moment you
verbalize or write it or externalize it, it becomes a SYLLOGISM. INFERENCE is the whole
logical issue or the name of the process.
Illustration:
Ex. of TERM - Man
Ex. of PROPOSITION - Man is a rational animal.
Ex. of SYLLOGISM - Man is a rational animal, - 2 Propositions compared with
Juan is a man, “man” as the common term
Therefore, man is a rational animal. - Conclusion
(ASST. PROF. ERICO JOSEPH T. CANETE)
PART I INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY
History:
-Pythagoras
-500 BC
-Athens
Etymology:
Philos - a love and Sophos - of wisdom = Philosophy
Philos - a lover and Sophos - of wisdom = Philosopher
Formal Definition:
Science of being in their ultimate causes, reasons and principles as known by the aid of human
reason alone.
Important points in the definition:
a. Science – unit of systematized knowledge based on evidence & demonstration of principles.
Philosophy as a science is also a unit of systematized knowledge.
Ex. Chemistry discovered that water is H2O as true,
Philosophy’s claim that man is a rational animal is also true.
b. Being – anything that or which exists. Meaning, philosophy studies everything.
Kinds of being:
1. Real being – that w/c exists here and now.
2. Ideal being – that which has the potency to exist.
3. Logical being – purely a fabrication of the mind. Outside the mind there is no existence.
c. Ultimate causes, reasons and principles – meaning philosophy studies the ultimate causes of
things, reasons for its existence and the principles governing things.
d. Human reason – is the only tool used by philosophers in studying being.
,Brief Explanation about the Branches of Philosophy:
1.Metaphysics or Ontology – studies being and its transcendental
properties.
2.Theodicy – studies God using human reason alone.
3.Cosmology – studies the corporeal world.
4.Philosophy of Man – studies man as a compound of body and soul.
5.Logic – science of correct thinking and reasoning.
6.Epistemology – studies the validity of knowledge.
7.Ethics – philosophical science dealing with the morality of human
actions.
8.Social Philosophy – studies man in society.
DISCIPLINES OF PHILOSOPHY:
I PHILOSOPHY IS A DISCIPLINE OF QUESTIONING.
a. “An unexamined life is not worth living & dying”.(Socrates)
b. We have to raise questions about our self, society and God.
II PHILOSOPHY IS A DISCIPLINE OF LIBERATION.
Philosophy liberates or frees us from;
a. Simplistic explanation
b. Unquestioning acceptance
c. False dogmatism or teaching
III PHILOSOPHY IS A DISCIPLINE OF DOING, ACTING AND BEHAVING.
Before, Philosophy was purely considered as thinking & reasoning.
Dangers if philosophy is purely considered as thinking & reasoning;
a. Philosophy becomes myopic.
b. Philosophy becomes an elitist discipline.
c. Philosophy becomes sterile.
Nowadays, to avoid the dangers, philosophy is considered as thinking & reasoning plus doing,
acting & behaving.
PROOFS:
1.Hindu, Philosophy = Darsana
- Seeing reality not just with the eyes but with ones totality.
2. Chinese, philosophy is Chih Shueh.
Shueh means learning and consequently thinking and reasoning.
Chih is symbolized by three characters;
a. Mouth - words
b. Hand – deeds
c. Ruler – measurement
This means, measuring ones words with ones deeds.
Confucius, “A true philosopher is he who acts before he speaks and speaks according to his
acts”.
May we be all philosophers then!!!
, PART II ARISTOTELIAN LOGIC
Definition of LOGIC – Science of those principles laws and methods which the mind of man in
its thinking must follow for the accurate and secure attainment of truth.
Diagram of Aristotelian Logic:
Mental Act Mental Product External Sign Logical Issue
Apprehension or Idea Term Predicability
Abstraction
Judgment Enunciation Proposition Predication
Reasoning Argumentation Syllogism Inference
Explanation:
Sensation is the first step in the process of knowing. Note that this is not yet part of the mental
act (see diagram). What you sensed is the phantasm and it is passed to the mind or intellect for
abstraction.
1. The first step or mental act is ABSTRACTION. It is a process wherein the intellect strips
the non essential qualities leaving the essential ones forming them into one intellectual
image or IDEA. Idea is a mental product w/c still exists in the mind. The moment you
verbalize or write it or externalize it, it becomes a TERM, ex., man. PREDICABILTY is the
whole logical issue or the name of the process.
2. 2. The second step is JUDGMENT. It is a process of comparing one idea with another
idea pronouncing their agreement or disagreement. The product of judgment or the
moment you have it on your mind, it’s called ENUNCIATION. The moment you verbalize
or write it or externalize it, it becomes a PROPOSITION, ex., Man is a rational animal.
PREDICATION is the whole logical issue or the name of the process.
3. 4. The third & final mental act is REASONING. It is a process wherein two judgments are
compared having a common idea & a conclusion at the end. The product of reasoning or
the moment you have it on your mind, it’s called ARGUMENTATION. The moment you
verbalize or write it or externalize it, it becomes a SYLLOGISM. INFERENCE is the whole
logical issue or the name of the process.
Illustration:
Ex. of TERM - Man
Ex. of PROPOSITION - Man is a rational animal.
Ex. of SYLLOGISM - Man is a rational animal, - 2 Propositions compared with
Juan is a man, “man” as the common term
Therefore, man is a rational animal. - Conclusion
