WSET Diploma D1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6yk6ev
1. Most important N American grape species: Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis
berlandieri and Vitis rupestris
2. Four main sections of a grape vine: the main shoots, one-year-old wood,
permanent wood and the roots
3. What comprises the canopy of a vine?: The main shoots and all of their major
structures - stem, buds, leaves, lateral shoots, tendrils and inflorescences/grape
bunches
4. What do the main shoots grow from, and when?: The main shoots on the vine
grow in spring from buds retained from the previous year
5. Where are carbohydrates stored in a vine?: Stems, trunks, roots
6. Define lignify: Green shoots become woody and rigid, they are then called canes
7. Where do buds form?: between the leaf stalk (petiole) and the stem
8. Define the two types of buds: - Compound buds (form in one growing season
and break open the following growing season, producing main shoots; typically a
primary, secondary, and maybe tertiary)
- Prompt buds (form and break open same season, form lateral shoots)
9. What is the main function of lateral shoots? When are they desirable/unde-
sirable?: - to allow the plant to carry on growing if the tip of the main shoot has been
damaged or eaten
- can provide an additional source of leaves for photosynthesis (useful if the laterals
are near the ends of the main shoots)
- Growth of laterals nearer the base of the main shoot can be undesirable as they
impede air flow and can shade the fruit too much
10. What is second crop?: Lateral shoots often produce inflorescences, which can
be known as a 'second crop'
11. What is green harvesting?: Removal of second crop during summer
12. Define one-year-old wood: the main shoots from the last growing season that
were kept at pruning, supports compound buds; cane or spur
13. Define permanent wood: woody parts of the vine that are older than one year,
including the trunk
14. where are most roots found?: top 50cm of soil
15. what distinguishes PN clone 115?: low Y, small grapes, good for high Q red
wines
16. what distinguishes PN clone 521?: high Y, bigger grapes, good for sparkling
wine production
17. When is leaf fall and dormancy?: Nov-March
18. When is budburst?: March-April
19. When is shoot and leaf growth?: March-July
20. When is flowering and fruit set?: May-June
, WSET Diploma D1
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21. When is grape development?: June-Oct
22. When is harvest?: Sept-Oct
23. How does the vine support itself during dormancy?: starch in the roots,
trunk, and branches
24. Below what temp can vines be severly damaged? die?: -15C, -25C
25. What factors determine the timing of budburst?: - air temp (>10C)
- soil temp (higher encourages earlier budburst)
- variety
- human factors (e.g. winter pruning late -> later budburst)
26. Why is high continentality good for budburst?: marked differences in temp
can result in uniform budburst
27. Chard, PN, Merlot, Grenache are ______ budding: early
28. SB, Cab, Syrah are ________ budding: late (need higher temps)
29. what determines the vigor of a vine?: rate of shoot growth
30. when does the fastest rate of shoot growth typically occur?: between bud-
burst and flowering
31. what could cause low carb levels in roots, trunk, and branches?: - excessive
leaf removal
- water stress
- mildew
- high crop loads in prev season
32. what can slow initial shoot growth rates?: low carb levels
33. what supports shoot growth in later stages?: photosynthesis
34. at what point of the vine growing cycle is water stress not desired?: late
stages of shoot growth (can affect photosynthesis)
35. what can stunted shoot growth lead to?: - weak shoots
- reduction in leaf number/smaller leaves
- inflorescences that do not flower properly
36. what can limit bud fruitfulness?: - low temp (<25C)
- water stress
- shading
- nutrient deficiency
37. how long after budburst does flowering typically take place?: 8 weeks (temp
dependent)
38. why are warm conditions (>17C) desired during flowering?: speeds up
flowering (occurs within a few days)
39. what % of flowers become grapes typically?: 30%
40. what temp does pollen germination require?: 26-32C
, WSET Diploma D1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6yk6ev
41. what negatively affects pollen tube growth?: wind, rain, cold temps; wind,
water stress, hot temps
42. define coulure: A condition of the grape bunch in which fruit set has failed for a
high proportion of flowers. This occurs when ovule fertilisation is unsuccessful, and
therefore no grape develops.
43. what causes coulure?: imbalance in carb levels due to:
- low photosynthesis rates
- vigorous shoot growth diverting carbs (very fertile soils, vigorous rootstocks)
44. define millerandange: A condition of the grape bunch in which there is a high
proportion of seedless grapes.
45. what causes millerandange?: cold, wet, windy weather at pollination and fruit
set
46. what elements develop in grapes during stage 1 of grape formation and
development?: - tartaric and malic
- some aroma compounds and aroma precursors (methoxypyrazines)
- tannins (promoted by sunshine on grapes - sunscreen)
47. during stage 1 of grape formation and development sugar levels are
______, water flow is _______ & provided by the ________.: - low
- high
- xylem
48. too much _________ & __________ can prolong stage 1 of grape formation
and development because _____________. this can delay _____________.: -
water
- nitrogen
- these will encourage shoot growth instead
- onset of the ripening stage
49. During stage 1 of grape formation and development, mild water stress
can ___________________ and lead to the production of _______________
grapes.: - speed up this stage
- smaller
50. shoot growth _______________ during stage 1 of grape formation and
development.: continues but slows
51. what is stage 2 of grape formation and development?: veraison (transition
between grape growth and grape ripening)
52. what is the lag phase?: grape growth slows for a few days during veraison
53. describe what happens during veraison: - skins become more elastic
- green chlorophyll is broken down
- anthocyanins are synthesized
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6yk6ev
1. Most important N American grape species: Vitis labrusca, Vitis riparia, Vitis
berlandieri and Vitis rupestris
2. Four main sections of a grape vine: the main shoots, one-year-old wood,
permanent wood and the roots
3. What comprises the canopy of a vine?: The main shoots and all of their major
structures - stem, buds, leaves, lateral shoots, tendrils and inflorescences/grape
bunches
4. What do the main shoots grow from, and when?: The main shoots on the vine
grow in spring from buds retained from the previous year
5. Where are carbohydrates stored in a vine?: Stems, trunks, roots
6. Define lignify: Green shoots become woody and rigid, they are then called canes
7. Where do buds form?: between the leaf stalk (petiole) and the stem
8. Define the two types of buds: - Compound buds (form in one growing season
and break open the following growing season, producing main shoots; typically a
primary, secondary, and maybe tertiary)
- Prompt buds (form and break open same season, form lateral shoots)
9. What is the main function of lateral shoots? When are they desirable/unde-
sirable?: - to allow the plant to carry on growing if the tip of the main shoot has been
damaged or eaten
- can provide an additional source of leaves for photosynthesis (useful if the laterals
are near the ends of the main shoots)
- Growth of laterals nearer the base of the main shoot can be undesirable as they
impede air flow and can shade the fruit too much
10. What is second crop?: Lateral shoots often produce inflorescences, which can
be known as a 'second crop'
11. What is green harvesting?: Removal of second crop during summer
12. Define one-year-old wood: the main shoots from the last growing season that
were kept at pruning, supports compound buds; cane or spur
13. Define permanent wood: woody parts of the vine that are older than one year,
including the trunk
14. where are most roots found?: top 50cm of soil
15. what distinguishes PN clone 115?: low Y, small grapes, good for high Q red
wines
16. what distinguishes PN clone 521?: high Y, bigger grapes, good for sparkling
wine production
17. When is leaf fall and dormancy?: Nov-March
18. When is budburst?: March-April
19. When is shoot and leaf growth?: March-July
20. When is flowering and fruit set?: May-June
, WSET Diploma D1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6yk6ev
21. When is grape development?: June-Oct
22. When is harvest?: Sept-Oct
23. How does the vine support itself during dormancy?: starch in the roots,
trunk, and branches
24. Below what temp can vines be severly damaged? die?: -15C, -25C
25. What factors determine the timing of budburst?: - air temp (>10C)
- soil temp (higher encourages earlier budburst)
- variety
- human factors (e.g. winter pruning late -> later budburst)
26. Why is high continentality good for budburst?: marked differences in temp
can result in uniform budburst
27. Chard, PN, Merlot, Grenache are ______ budding: early
28. SB, Cab, Syrah are ________ budding: late (need higher temps)
29. what determines the vigor of a vine?: rate of shoot growth
30. when does the fastest rate of shoot growth typically occur?: between bud-
burst and flowering
31. what could cause low carb levels in roots, trunk, and branches?: - excessive
leaf removal
- water stress
- mildew
- high crop loads in prev season
32. what can slow initial shoot growth rates?: low carb levels
33. what supports shoot growth in later stages?: photosynthesis
34. at what point of the vine growing cycle is water stress not desired?: late
stages of shoot growth (can affect photosynthesis)
35. what can stunted shoot growth lead to?: - weak shoots
- reduction in leaf number/smaller leaves
- inflorescences that do not flower properly
36. what can limit bud fruitfulness?: - low temp (<25C)
- water stress
- shading
- nutrient deficiency
37. how long after budburst does flowering typically take place?: 8 weeks (temp
dependent)
38. why are warm conditions (>17C) desired during flowering?: speeds up
flowering (occurs within a few days)
39. what % of flowers become grapes typically?: 30%
40. what temp does pollen germination require?: 26-32C
, WSET Diploma D1
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_6yk6ev
41. what negatively affects pollen tube growth?: wind, rain, cold temps; wind,
water stress, hot temps
42. define coulure: A condition of the grape bunch in which fruit set has failed for a
high proportion of flowers. This occurs when ovule fertilisation is unsuccessful, and
therefore no grape develops.
43. what causes coulure?: imbalance in carb levels due to:
- low photosynthesis rates
- vigorous shoot growth diverting carbs (very fertile soils, vigorous rootstocks)
44. define millerandange: A condition of the grape bunch in which there is a high
proportion of seedless grapes.
45. what causes millerandange?: cold, wet, windy weather at pollination and fruit
set
46. what elements develop in grapes during stage 1 of grape formation and
development?: - tartaric and malic
- some aroma compounds and aroma precursors (methoxypyrazines)
- tannins (promoted by sunshine on grapes - sunscreen)
47. during stage 1 of grape formation and development sugar levels are
______, water flow is _______ & provided by the ________.: - low
- high
- xylem
48. too much _________ & __________ can prolong stage 1 of grape formation
and development because _____________. this can delay _____________.: -
water
- nitrogen
- these will encourage shoot growth instead
- onset of the ripening stage
49. During stage 1 of grape formation and development, mild water stress
can ___________________ and lead to the production of _______________
grapes.: - speed up this stage
- smaller
50. shoot growth _______________ during stage 1 of grape formation and
development.: continues but slows
51. what is stage 2 of grape formation and development?: veraison (transition
between grape growth and grape ripening)
52. what is the lag phase?: grape growth slows for a few days during veraison
53. describe what happens during veraison: - skins become more elastic
- green chlorophyll is broken down
- anthocyanins are synthesized
