NRSG 2350 FINAL QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE
SOLUTIONS
Liver Failure/Cirrhosis Treatments/Prevention
manage symptoms with diuretics, sodium restriction, and
paracentesis
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones.
Cholecystitis Causes/Risk Factors
gallstones obstructing bile flow due to bile stasis or abnormality
of bile composition, obesity, female, multiple pregnancies, oral
contraceptives
Cholecystitis Clinical Manifestations
chronic inflammation of gallbladder due to obstruction of
gallstones, asymptomatic, sudden onset, right upper quadrant
pain, fever, anorexia, vomiting, and nausea
Cholecystitis Treatments/Prevention
remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), endoscopic
retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas, can cause severe pain.
Pancreatitis Causes/Risk Factors:
alcohol abuse and overeating
,Pancreatitis Clinical Manifestations
abdominal pain, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia,
hypotension, respiratory distress, abdominal distension, and
fever
Pancreatitis Treatments/Prevention
NPO, pain management, fluid replacement, low fat diet, stop
drinking alcohol
Parathyroid hormone
help increase calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity,
kidney reabsorption, intestinal absorption though vitamin d
Vitamin D
increase Ca2+, comes from diet + UV rays, converter inactive to
active form, happens in liver first then kidneys, important to
increase intestinal calcium absorption + promotes actions of
pTH on bone resorption
Calcitonin
lower Ca2+ levels, released by thyroid when blood calcium is
high, inhibits the release of calcium from bone, inhibits calcium
A phosphate kidney reabsorption
Process of bone formation and remodeling
Calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium lactate, calcium
gluconate, elemental calcium is the active form
Two main: carbonate + citrate, calcium carbonate is cheapest,
good first choice
Osteoprogenitor cells in bone differentiate osteoblasts and
, mature into osteocytes
Osteocytes: mature bone veels
Osteoclasts: reabsorb or bone break down to maintain bone
strength
Osteoblasts: bone forming cells
Types of Fractures
Complete: bone in 2 or more pieces
Incomplete: partially broken
Closed/simple: bone does not protrude through bone
Open/complex: does protrude through bone
Fracture repair
Direct Healing: no callus formation; typically requires surgical
fixation
Indirect Healing: callus formation, commonly treated with casts
or nonsurgical methods
Micro and Macrovascular Changes
the negative impact of diabetes mellitus
Long Term Effects of Diabetes
ineffective ability to deal with carbohydrates, fat, and proteins
Acute Complications of Diabetes
DKA and HHS
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
SOLUTIONS
Liver Failure/Cirrhosis Treatments/Prevention
manage symptoms with diuretics, sodium restriction, and
paracentesis
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder, often due to gallstones.
Cholecystitis Causes/Risk Factors
gallstones obstructing bile flow due to bile stasis or abnormality
of bile composition, obesity, female, multiple pregnancies, oral
contraceptives
Cholecystitis Clinical Manifestations
chronic inflammation of gallbladder due to obstruction of
gallstones, asymptomatic, sudden onset, right upper quadrant
pain, fever, anorexia, vomiting, and nausea
Cholecystitis Treatments/Prevention
remove the gallbladder (cholecystectomy), endoscopic
retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas, can cause severe pain.
Pancreatitis Causes/Risk Factors:
alcohol abuse and overeating
,Pancreatitis Clinical Manifestations
abdominal pain, epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia,
hypotension, respiratory distress, abdominal distension, and
fever
Pancreatitis Treatments/Prevention
NPO, pain management, fluid replacement, low fat diet, stop
drinking alcohol
Parathyroid hormone
help increase calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity,
kidney reabsorption, intestinal absorption though vitamin d
Vitamin D
increase Ca2+, comes from diet + UV rays, converter inactive to
active form, happens in liver first then kidneys, important to
increase intestinal calcium absorption + promotes actions of
pTH on bone resorption
Calcitonin
lower Ca2+ levels, released by thyroid when blood calcium is
high, inhibits the release of calcium from bone, inhibits calcium
A phosphate kidney reabsorption
Process of bone formation and remodeling
Calcium carbonate, calcium citrate, calcium lactate, calcium
gluconate, elemental calcium is the active form
Two main: carbonate + citrate, calcium carbonate is cheapest,
good first choice
Osteoprogenitor cells in bone differentiate osteoblasts and
, mature into osteocytes
Osteocytes: mature bone veels
Osteoclasts: reabsorb or bone break down to maintain bone
strength
Osteoblasts: bone forming cells
Types of Fractures
Complete: bone in 2 or more pieces
Incomplete: partially broken
Closed/simple: bone does not protrude through bone
Open/complex: does protrude through bone
Fracture repair
Direct Healing: no callus formation; typically requires surgical
fixation
Indirect Healing: callus formation, commonly treated with casts
or nonsurgical methods
Micro and Macrovascular Changes
the negative impact of diabetes mellitus
Long Term Effects of Diabetes
ineffective ability to deal with carbohydrates, fat, and proteins
Acute Complications of Diabetes
DKA and HHS
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
