,Solution manual for A Concise Introduction to
Logic, 14th Edition Patrick J. Hurley
Notes
1- All Chapters are step by step.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
Our website:
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, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
Solutions Manual
Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter
1: Basic Concepts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Exercise Answers........................................................................................................................2
Exercise 1.1...............................................................................................................................2
Exercise 1.2...............................................................................................................................6
Exercise 1.3.............................................................................................................................10
Exercise 1.4.............................................................................................................................12
Exercise 1.5.............................................................................................................................14
Exercise 1.6.............................................................................................................................16
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 1
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
EXERCISE ANSWERS
EXERCISE 1.1
Part I
1. P: Carbon monoxide molecules happen to be just the right size and shape, and happen to have
just the right chemical properties, to fit neatly into cavities within hemoglobin molecules in
blood that are normally reserved for oxygen molecules.
C: Carbon monoxide diminishes the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
2. P: The good, according to Plato, is that which furthers a person's real interests.
C: In any given case when the good is known, men will seek it.
3. P: The denial or perversion of justice by the sentences of courts, as well as in any other manner,
is with reason classed among the just causes of war.
C: The federal judiciary ought to have cognizance of all causes in which the citizens of other
countries are concerned.
4. P: When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of privacy in it that
they might have had.
C: A warrantless search and seizure of abandoned property is not unreasonable under the
Fourth Amendment.
5. P1: Artists and poets look at the world and seek relationships and order.
P2: But they translate their ideas to canvas, or to marble, or into poetic images.
P3 Scientists try to find relationships between different objects and events.
P4: To express the order they find, they create hypotheses and theories.
C: The great scientific theories are easily compared to great art and great literature.
6. P1: The animal species in Australia are very different from those on the mainland.
P2: Asian placental mammals and Australian marsupial mammals have not been in contact in the
last several million years.
C: There was never a land bridge between Australia and the mainland
7. P1: We need sleep to think clearly, react quickly, and create memories.
P2: Studies show that people who are taught mentally challenging tasks do better after a good
night’s sleep.
P3: Other research suggests that sleep is needed for creative problem solving.
C: It really does matter if you get enough sleep.
8. P1: The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academic success of the average
student.
P2: Administrators simply are ancillary to this effort.
C: Classroom teachers ought to be paid at least the equivalent of administrators at all levels,
including the superintendent.
9. P1: An agreement cannot bind unless both parties to the agreement know what they are doing
and freely choose to do it.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 2
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
C: The seller who intends to enter a contract with a customer has a duty to disclose exactly what
the customer is buying and what the terms of the sale are.
10. P1: Punishment, when speedy and specific, may suppress undesirable behavior.
P2: Punishment cannot teach or encourage desirable alternatives.
C: It is crucial to use positive techniques to model and reinforce appropriate behavior that the
person can use in place of the unacceptable response that has to be suppressed.
11. P1: High profits are the signal that consumers want more of the output of the industry.
P2: High profits provide the incentive for firms to expand output and for more firms to enter the
industry in the long run.
P3: For a firm of above average efficiency, profits represent the reward for greater efficiency.
C: Profit serves a very crucial function in a free enterprise economy, such as our own.
12. P1: My cat regularly used to close and lock the door to my neighbor's doghouse, trapping their
sleeping Doberman inside.
P2: Try telling a cat what to do, or putting a leash on him--he'll glare at you and say, "I don't think
so. You should have gotten a dog."
C: Cats can think circles around dogs.
13. P1: Private property helps people define themselves.
P2: Private property frees people from mundane cares of daily subsistence.
P3: Private property is finite.
C: No individual should accumulate so much property that others are prevented from
accumulating the necessities of life.
14. P1: To every existing thing God wills some good.
P2: To love any thing is nothing else than to will good to that thing.
C: It is manifest that God loves everything that exists.
15. P1: The average working man can support no more than two children.
P2: The average working woman can take care of no more than two children in decent fashion.
C: Women of the working class, especially wage workers, should not have more than two
children at most.
16. P1: The nations of planet earth have acquired nuclear weapons with an explosive power equal to
more than a million Hiroshima bombs.
P2: Studies suggest that explosion of only half these weapons would produce enough soot,
smoke, and dust to blanket the Earth, block out the sun, and bring on a nuclear winter that
would threaten the survival of the human race.
C: Radioactive fallout isn't the only concern in the aftermath of nuclear explosions.
17. P1: An ant releases a chemical when it dies, and its fellows carry it away to the compost heap.
P2: A healthy ant painted with the death chemical will be dragged to the funeral heap again and
again.
C: Apparently the communication is highly effective.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 3
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
18. P: Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some
good.
C: The good has been rightly declared to be that at which all things aim.
19. P1: Antipoverty programs provide jobs for middle-class professionals in social work, penology
and public health.
P2: Such workers' future advancement is tied to the continued growth of bureaucracies
dependent on the existence of poverty.
C: Poverty offers numerous benefits to the non-poor.
20. P1: Corn is an annual crop.
P2: Butchers meat is a crop which requires four or five years to grow.
P3: An acre of land will produce a much smaller quantity of the one species of food (meat) than
the other.
C: The inferiority of the quantity (of meat) must be compensated by the superiority of the price.
21. P1: Loan oft loses both itself and friend.
P2: Borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.
C: Neither a borrower nor lender be.
22. P1: Take the nurse who alleges that physicians enrich themselves in her hospital through
unnecessary surgery.
P2: Take the engineer who discloses safety defects in the braking systems of a fleet of new
rapid-transit vehicles.
P3: Take the Defense Department official who alerts Congress to military graft and overspending.
P4: All know that they pose a threat to those whom they denounce and that their own careers
may be at risk.
C: The stakes in whistleblowing are high.
23. P1: If a piece of information is not "job relevant," then the employer is not entitled qua employer to
know it.
P2: Sexual practices, political beliefs, associational activities, etc., are not part of the description
of most jobs
P3: They do not directly affect one's job performance.
C: They are not legitimate information for an employer to know in the determination of the hiring
of a job applicant.
24. P1: One of the most noticeable effects of a dark tan is premature aging of the skin.
P2: The sun also contributes to certain types of cataracts, and, what is most worrisome, it plays a
role in skin cancer.
C: Too much sun can lead to health problems.
25. P1: It is generally accepted that by constantly swimming with its mouth open, the shark is simply
avoiding suffocation.
P2: This assures a continuous flow of oxygen-laden water into their mouths, over their gills, and
out through the gill slits.
C: Contrary to the tales of some scuba divers, the toothsome, gaping grin on the mouth of an
approaching shark is not necessarily anticipatory.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 4
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
26. P: If you place a piece of Polaroid (for example, one lens of a pair of Polaroid sunglasses) in
front of your eye and rotate it as you look at the sky on a clear day, you will notice a change
in light intensity with the orientation of the Polaroid.
C: Light coming from the sky is partially polarized.
27. P1: The secondary light [from the moon] does not inherently belong to the moon, and is not
received from any star or from the sun.
P2: In the whole universe there is no other body left but the earth.
C: The lunar body (or any other dark and sunless orb) is illuminated by the earth.
28. P1: Anyone familiar with our prison system knows that there are some inmates who behave little
better than brute beasts.
P2: If the death penalty had been truly effective as a deterrent, such prisoners would long ago
have vanished.
C: The very fact that these prisoners exist is a telling argument against the efficacy of capital
punishment as a deterrent.
29. P1: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep studies conducted on adults indicate that REM pressure
increases with deprivation.
P2: This would not occur if REM sleep and dreaming were unimportant.
C: REM sleep and dreaming are necessary in the adult.
30. P1: We say that an end pursued in its own right is more complete than an end pursued because
of something else, and that an end that is never choiceworthy because of something else is
more complete than ends that are choiceworthy both in their own right and because of this
end.
C: An end that is always choiceworthy in its own right, and never because of something else, is
complete without qualification.
Part II.
1. College sports are as much driven by money as professional sports.
2. The creation of a multilingual society is contrary to the best interests of all of us.
3. The competitive aspect of team sports is having a negative impact on the health and fitness of
our children.
4. Business majors are robbing themselves of the true purpose of collegiate academics, a sacrifice
that outweighs the future salary checks.
5. The sale and purchase of recreational drugs should be legalized.
6. Congress should not cut the National Institutes of Health budget.
7. A person cannot reject free will and still insist on criminality and codes of moral behavior.
8. Patients should not be offered elective Cesarean section.
9. Parents who truly love their children allow them to fail once in a while.
10. Protecting the environment requires that we limit population growth.
Part III
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 5
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
1. Logic: The organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments.
2. Argument: A group of statements one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide
support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion).
3. Statement: A sentence that is either true or false.
4. Premise: A statement in an argument that sets forth evidence or reasons.
5. Conclusion: The statement in an argument that the premises are claimed to support or imply.
6. Conclusion indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the conclusion.
7. Premise indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the premises.
8. Inference: The reasoning process used to produce an argument.
9. Proposition: The information content of a statement.
10. Truth value: The attribute by which a statement is either true or false.
Part IV
1. True 6. False
2. False 7. True
3. False 8. True
4. False 9. True
5. True 10. True
EXERCISE 1.2
Part I
1. Nonargument (explanation)
2. Nonargument; conditional statement
3. Argument (conclusion: Freedom of the press is the most important of our constitutionally
guaranteed freedoms.)
4. Nonargument (illustration)
5. Nonargument (piece of advice)
6. Argument (conclusion: Mosquito bites are not always the harmless little irritations most of us take
them to be.)
7. Argument (conclusion: If stem-cell research is restricted, then people will die prematurely.)
8. Argument (conclusion: Fiction provides us with the opportunity to ponder how people react in
uncommon situations, and to deduce moral lessons, psychological principles, and philosophical
insights from their behavior.)
9. Nonargument (statement of belief)
10. Nonargument (report)
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 6
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
11. Argument (conclusion: Any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an inherently
hazardous procedure, except when it would be equally dangerous for her to forgo it, has largely
disappeared.
12. Nonargument (expository passage)
13. Nonargument (illustration)
14. Nonargument (report of an argument)
15. Argument (conclusion: Economics is of practical value in business.)
16. Nonargument (piece of advice)
17. Nonargument (loosely associated statements)
18. This passage could be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation (or both). If it is
interpreted as an argument, the conclusion is: Most business organizations include a credit
department which must reach a decision on the credit worthiness of each prospective customer.
19. Argument (conclusion: For organisms at the sea surface, sinking into deep water usually means
death.)
20. Nonargument (temporal meaning of "since"; "hence" indicates an explanation.)
21. Argument (conclusion: Dachshunds are ideal dogs for small children.)
22. Argument (conclusion: Atoms can combine to form molecules, whose properties are generally
very different from those of the constituent atoms.)
23. Argument (conclusion: The coarsest type of humor is the practical joke.)
24. Nonargument (conditional statement)
25. Nonargument (explanation)
26. Argument (conclusion: Words are slippery customers.)
27. Nonargument (report)
28. Argument (conclusion: A person never becomes truly self-reliant.)
29. Nonargument (opinion)
30. Nonargument (expository passage and illustration)
31. This passage could be both an argument and an explanation (conclusion: In areas where rats are
a problem, it is very difficult to exterminate them with bait poison.)
32. Argument (conclusion: Population growth has not been a steady march.)
33. Argument (conclusion: Temperance and bravery, then, are ruined by excess and deficiency, but
preserved by the mean.)
34. Nonargument (loosely associated statements)
35. Argument (conclusion: One form of energy can be converted to another.)
Part II
1. Nonargument
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
2. Argument (conclusion: Social Security is not merely a retirement program)
3. This passage is probably best considered a nonargument, but it could be rephrased to form an
argument. (Possible conclusion: Something is wrong with our approach to education.)
4. Nonargument
5. Argument (conclusion: The Democratic Party is more concerned with achieving broad happiness,
while the Republican Party is more concerned with fulfilling selfishness.)
6. Argument (conclusion: Treating cruelty to animals with the seriousness it deserves doesn’t only
protect animals, it also makes the entire community safer.)
7. Argument (conclusion: Creating a third political party—the independent party—is a good idea.)
8. Argument (conclusion: When women’s voices are silenced, the institutions themselves suffer.)
9. Nonargument
10. Argument (conclusion: Strong anti-bullying programs are needed to provide a means to report
bullying anonymously, to train all school personnel to take reports of bullying seriously, and to
offer workshops for children on how to respond to being bullied.)
Part IV
1. Argument from example: An argument that purports to prove something by giving one or more
examples of it.
2. Conditional statement: An "if ... then ..." statement.
3. Antecedent: The component of a conditional statement that immediately follows the word "if."
4. Consequent: The component of a conditional statement that immediately follows the word "then";
the component of a conditional statement that is not the antecedent.
5. Sufficient condition: The condition represented by the antecedent of a conditional statement.
6. Necessary condition: The condition represented by the consequent of a conditional statement.
7. Explanation: A statement or group of statements intended to shed light on some event.
8. Explanandum: The component of an explanation that indicates the event or phenomenon to be
explained.
9. Explanans: The component of an explanation that explains the event indicated by the
explanandum.
10. Illustration: A kind of nonargument composed of statements intended to show what something
means or how something is done.
11. Expository passage: A kind of Nonargument consisting of a topic sentence and one or more other
sentences that expand or elaborate on the topic sentence.
Part V
1. True 6. True
2. False 7. True
3. False 8. True
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 8
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Logic, 14th Edition Patrick J. Hurley
Notes
1- All Chapters are step by step.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
Our website:
testbanks-store.com
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
Solutions Manual
Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024, 9780357798683; Chapter
1: Basic Concepts
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Exercise Answers........................................................................................................................2
Exercise 1.1...............................................................................................................................2
Exercise 1.2...............................................................................................................................6
Exercise 1.3.............................................................................................................................10
Exercise 1.4.............................................................................................................................12
Exercise 1.5.............................................................................................................................14
Exercise 1.6.............................................................................................................................16
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 1
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
EXERCISE ANSWERS
EXERCISE 1.1
Part I
1. P: Carbon monoxide molecules happen to be just the right size and shape, and happen to have
just the right chemical properties, to fit neatly into cavities within hemoglobin molecules in
blood that are normally reserved for oxygen molecules.
C: Carbon monoxide diminishes the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.
2. P: The good, according to Plato, is that which furthers a person's real interests.
C: In any given case when the good is known, men will seek it.
3. P: The denial or perversion of justice by the sentences of courts, as well as in any other manner,
is with reason classed among the just causes of war.
C: The federal judiciary ought to have cognizance of all causes in which the citizens of other
countries are concerned.
4. P: When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of privacy in it that
they might have had.
C: A warrantless search and seizure of abandoned property is not unreasonable under the
Fourth Amendment.
5. P1: Artists and poets look at the world and seek relationships and order.
P2: But they translate their ideas to canvas, or to marble, or into poetic images.
P3 Scientists try to find relationships between different objects and events.
P4: To express the order they find, they create hypotheses and theories.
C: The great scientific theories are easily compared to great art and great literature.
6. P1: The animal species in Australia are very different from those on the mainland.
P2: Asian placental mammals and Australian marsupial mammals have not been in contact in the
last several million years.
C: There was never a land bridge between Australia and the mainland
7. P1: We need sleep to think clearly, react quickly, and create memories.
P2: Studies show that people who are taught mentally challenging tasks do better after a good
night’s sleep.
P3: Other research suggests that sleep is needed for creative problem solving.
C: It really does matter if you get enough sleep.
8. P1: The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academic success of the average
student.
P2: Administrators simply are ancillary to this effort.
C: Classroom teachers ought to be paid at least the equivalent of administrators at all levels,
including the superintendent.
9. P1: An agreement cannot bind unless both parties to the agreement know what they are doing
and freely choose to do it.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 2
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
C: The seller who intends to enter a contract with a customer has a duty to disclose exactly what
the customer is buying and what the terms of the sale are.
10. P1: Punishment, when speedy and specific, may suppress undesirable behavior.
P2: Punishment cannot teach or encourage desirable alternatives.
C: It is crucial to use positive techniques to model and reinforce appropriate behavior that the
person can use in place of the unacceptable response that has to be suppressed.
11. P1: High profits are the signal that consumers want more of the output of the industry.
P2: High profits provide the incentive for firms to expand output and for more firms to enter the
industry in the long run.
P3: For a firm of above average efficiency, profits represent the reward for greater efficiency.
C: Profit serves a very crucial function in a free enterprise economy, such as our own.
12. P1: My cat regularly used to close and lock the door to my neighbor's doghouse, trapping their
sleeping Doberman inside.
P2: Try telling a cat what to do, or putting a leash on him--he'll glare at you and say, "I don't think
so. You should have gotten a dog."
C: Cats can think circles around dogs.
13. P1: Private property helps people define themselves.
P2: Private property frees people from mundane cares of daily subsistence.
P3: Private property is finite.
C: No individual should accumulate so much property that others are prevented from
accumulating the necessities of life.
14. P1: To every existing thing God wills some good.
P2: To love any thing is nothing else than to will good to that thing.
C: It is manifest that God loves everything that exists.
15. P1: The average working man can support no more than two children.
P2: The average working woman can take care of no more than two children in decent fashion.
C: Women of the working class, especially wage workers, should not have more than two
children at most.
16. P1: The nations of planet earth have acquired nuclear weapons with an explosive power equal to
more than a million Hiroshima bombs.
P2: Studies suggest that explosion of only half these weapons would produce enough soot,
smoke, and dust to blanket the Earth, block out the sun, and bring on a nuclear winter that
would threaten the survival of the human race.
C: Radioactive fallout isn't the only concern in the aftermath of nuclear explosions.
17. P1: An ant releases a chemical when it dies, and its fellows carry it away to the compost heap.
P2: A healthy ant painted with the death chemical will be dragged to the funeral heap again and
again.
C: Apparently the communication is highly effective.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 3
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
18. P: Every art and every inquiry, and similarly every action and pursuit, is thought to aim at some
good.
C: The good has been rightly declared to be that at which all things aim.
19. P1: Antipoverty programs provide jobs for middle-class professionals in social work, penology
and public health.
P2: Such workers' future advancement is tied to the continued growth of bureaucracies
dependent on the existence of poverty.
C: Poverty offers numerous benefits to the non-poor.
20. P1: Corn is an annual crop.
P2: Butchers meat is a crop which requires four or five years to grow.
P3: An acre of land will produce a much smaller quantity of the one species of food (meat) than
the other.
C: The inferiority of the quantity (of meat) must be compensated by the superiority of the price.
21. P1: Loan oft loses both itself and friend.
P2: Borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry.
C: Neither a borrower nor lender be.
22. P1: Take the nurse who alleges that physicians enrich themselves in her hospital through
unnecessary surgery.
P2: Take the engineer who discloses safety defects in the braking systems of a fleet of new
rapid-transit vehicles.
P3: Take the Defense Department official who alerts Congress to military graft and overspending.
P4: All know that they pose a threat to those whom they denounce and that their own careers
may be at risk.
C: The stakes in whistleblowing are high.
23. P1: If a piece of information is not "job relevant," then the employer is not entitled qua employer to
know it.
P2: Sexual practices, political beliefs, associational activities, etc., are not part of the description
of most jobs
P3: They do not directly affect one's job performance.
C: They are not legitimate information for an employer to know in the determination of the hiring
of a job applicant.
24. P1: One of the most noticeable effects of a dark tan is premature aging of the skin.
P2: The sun also contributes to certain types of cataracts, and, what is most worrisome, it plays a
role in skin cancer.
C: Too much sun can lead to health problems.
25. P1: It is generally accepted that by constantly swimming with its mouth open, the shark is simply
avoiding suffocation.
P2: This assures a continuous flow of oxygen-laden water into their mouths, over their gills, and
out through the gill slits.
C: Contrary to the tales of some scuba divers, the toothsome, gaping grin on the mouth of an
approaching shark is not necessarily anticipatory.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 4
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
26. P: If you place a piece of Polaroid (for example, one lens of a pair of Polaroid sunglasses) in
front of your eye and rotate it as you look at the sky on a clear day, you will notice a change
in light intensity with the orientation of the Polaroid.
C: Light coming from the sky is partially polarized.
27. P1: The secondary light [from the moon] does not inherently belong to the moon, and is not
received from any star or from the sun.
P2: In the whole universe there is no other body left but the earth.
C: The lunar body (or any other dark and sunless orb) is illuminated by the earth.
28. P1: Anyone familiar with our prison system knows that there are some inmates who behave little
better than brute beasts.
P2: If the death penalty had been truly effective as a deterrent, such prisoners would long ago
have vanished.
C: The very fact that these prisoners exist is a telling argument against the efficacy of capital
punishment as a deterrent.
29. P1: REM (rapid eye movement) sleep studies conducted on adults indicate that REM pressure
increases with deprivation.
P2: This would not occur if REM sleep and dreaming were unimportant.
C: REM sleep and dreaming are necessary in the adult.
30. P1: We say that an end pursued in its own right is more complete than an end pursued because
of something else, and that an end that is never choiceworthy because of something else is
more complete than ends that are choiceworthy both in their own right and because of this
end.
C: An end that is always choiceworthy in its own right, and never because of something else, is
complete without qualification.
Part II.
1. College sports are as much driven by money as professional sports.
2. The creation of a multilingual society is contrary to the best interests of all of us.
3. The competitive aspect of team sports is having a negative impact on the health and fitness of
our children.
4. Business majors are robbing themselves of the true purpose of collegiate academics, a sacrifice
that outweighs the future salary checks.
5. The sale and purchase of recreational drugs should be legalized.
6. Congress should not cut the National Institutes of Health budget.
7. A person cannot reject free will and still insist on criminality and codes of moral behavior.
8. Patients should not be offered elective Cesarean section.
9. Parents who truly love their children allow them to fail once in a while.
10. Protecting the environment requires that we limit population growth.
Part III
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 5
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
1. Logic: The organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments.
2. Argument: A group of statements one or more of which (the premises) are claimed to provide
support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion).
3. Statement: A sentence that is either true or false.
4. Premise: A statement in an argument that sets forth evidence or reasons.
5. Conclusion: The statement in an argument that the premises are claimed to support or imply.
6. Conclusion indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the conclusion.
7. Premise indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the premises.
8. Inference: The reasoning process used to produce an argument.
9. Proposition: The information content of a statement.
10. Truth value: The attribute by which a statement is either true or false.
Part IV
1. True 6. False
2. False 7. True
3. False 8. True
4. False 9. True
5. True 10. True
EXERCISE 1.2
Part I
1. Nonargument (explanation)
2. Nonargument; conditional statement
3. Argument (conclusion: Freedom of the press is the most important of our constitutionally
guaranteed freedoms.)
4. Nonargument (illustration)
5. Nonargument (piece of advice)
6. Argument (conclusion: Mosquito bites are not always the harmless little irritations most of us take
them to be.)
7. Argument (conclusion: If stem-cell research is restricted, then people will die prematurely.)
8. Argument (conclusion: Fiction provides us with the opportunity to ponder how people react in
uncommon situations, and to deduce moral lessons, psychological principles, and philosophical
insights from their behavior.)
9. Nonargument (statement of belief)
10. Nonargument (report)
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 6
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
11. Argument (conclusion: Any interest of the state in protecting the woman from an inherently
hazardous procedure, except when it would be equally dangerous for her to forgo it, has largely
disappeared.
12. Nonargument (expository passage)
13. Nonargument (illustration)
14. Nonargument (report of an argument)
15. Argument (conclusion: Economics is of practical value in business.)
16. Nonargument (piece of advice)
17. Nonargument (loosely associated statements)
18. This passage could be interpreted as either an argument or an explanation (or both). If it is
interpreted as an argument, the conclusion is: Most business organizations include a credit
department which must reach a decision on the credit worthiness of each prospective customer.
19. Argument (conclusion: For organisms at the sea surface, sinking into deep water usually means
death.)
20. Nonargument (temporal meaning of "since"; "hence" indicates an explanation.)
21. Argument (conclusion: Dachshunds are ideal dogs for small children.)
22. Argument (conclusion: Atoms can combine to form molecules, whose properties are generally
very different from those of the constituent atoms.)
23. Argument (conclusion: The coarsest type of humor is the practical joke.)
24. Nonargument (conditional statement)
25. Nonargument (explanation)
26. Argument (conclusion: Words are slippery customers.)
27. Nonargument (report)
28. Argument (conclusion: A person never becomes truly self-reliant.)
29. Nonargument (opinion)
30. Nonargument (expository passage and illustration)
31. This passage could be both an argument and an explanation (conclusion: In areas where rats are
a problem, it is very difficult to exterminate them with bait poison.)
32. Argument (conclusion: Population growth has not been a steady march.)
33. Argument (conclusion: Temperance and bravery, then, are ruined by excess and deficiency, but
preserved by the mean.)
34. Nonargument (loosely associated statements)
35. Argument (conclusion: One form of energy can be converted to another.)
Part II
1. Nonargument
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a 7
publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
, Solutions Manual: Patrick J. Hurley, A Concise Introduction to Logic, 14e, 2024,
9780357798683; Chapter 13: Hypothetical/Scientific Reasoning
2. Argument (conclusion: Social Security is not merely a retirement program)
3. This passage is probably best considered a nonargument, but it could be rephrased to form an
argument. (Possible conclusion: Something is wrong with our approach to education.)
4. Nonargument
5. Argument (conclusion: The Democratic Party is more concerned with achieving broad happiness,
while the Republican Party is more concerned with fulfilling selfishness.)
6. Argument (conclusion: Treating cruelty to animals with the seriousness it deserves doesn’t only
protect animals, it also makes the entire community safer.)
7. Argument (conclusion: Creating a third political party—the independent party—is a good idea.)
8. Argument (conclusion: When women’s voices are silenced, the institutions themselves suffer.)
9. Nonargument
10. Argument (conclusion: Strong anti-bullying programs are needed to provide a means to report
bullying anonymously, to train all school personnel to take reports of bullying seriously, and to
offer workshops for children on how to respond to being bullied.)
Part IV
1. Argument from example: An argument that purports to prove something by giving one or more
examples of it.
2. Conditional statement: An "if ... then ..." statement.
3. Antecedent: The component of a conditional statement that immediately follows the word "if."
4. Consequent: The component of a conditional statement that immediately follows the word "then";
the component of a conditional statement that is not the antecedent.
5. Sufficient condition: The condition represented by the antecedent of a conditional statement.
6. Necessary condition: The condition represented by the consequent of a conditional statement.
7. Explanation: A statement or group of statements intended to shed light on some event.
8. Explanandum: The component of an explanation that indicates the event or phenomenon to be
explained.
9. Explanans: The component of an explanation that explains the event indicated by the
explanandum.
10. Illustration: A kind of nonargument composed of statements intended to show what something
means or how something is done.
11. Expository passage: A kind of Nonargument consisting of a topic sentence and one or more other
sentences that expand or elaborate on the topic sentence.
Part V
1. True 6. True
2. False 7. True
3. False 8. True
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publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
