Test Bank for Understanding Pathophysiology, 7th Edition
Eukaryotic cell - (correct Answer) - Contains supercoiled DNA and histones.
Nucleus - (correct Answer) - Membrane-bound structure housing DNA in eukaryotes.
Respiration - (correct Answer) - Process of absorbing oxygen to produce energy.
Nucleolus - (correct Answer) - Region within nucleus containing genetic material.
Integral membrane proteins - (correct Answer) - Dissolve bilayer to remove attached
proteins.
Ligands - (correct Answer) - Molecules that bind to plasma membrane receptors.
Fibronectin - (correct Answer) - Extracellular matrix protein decreased in
metastatic cancer.
Cell junction - (correct Answer) - Structure allowing direct communication between
adjacent cells.
Paracrine signaling - (correct Answer) - Local chemical mediators affecting nearby
cells.
Enzyme affinity - (correct Answer) - High attraction of enzymes to specific
substrates.
Metabolic absorption - (correct Answer) - Cellular process of nutrient uptake for
energy.
Cell adhesion molecules - (correct Answer) - Proteins that help cells stick to each
other.
Glycoproteins - (correct Answer) - Proteins with carbohydrate chains, marking cell
identity.
Gap junction - (correct Answer) - Channels allowing communication between adjacent
cells.
Desmosome - (correct Answer) - Structure providing mechanical stability between
cells.
Tight junction - (correct Answer) - Barrier preventing leakage between epithelial
cells.
Mitochondria - (correct Answer) - Organelles responsible for cellular respiration.
Ribosomes - (correct Answer) - Sites of protein synthesis within the cell.
Cytoplasm - (correct Answer) - Fluid component of the cell, excluding nucleus.
Collagen - (correct Answer) - Structural protein in extracellular matrix, providing
support.
Elastin - (correct Answer) - Protein allowing elasticity in tissues.
Alpha cells - (correct Answer) - Pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
Beta cells - (correct Answer) - Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
Paracrine signaling - (correct Answer) - Local chemical mediators quickly taken up
or destroyed.
Enzyme affinity - (correct Answer) - Each enzyme has high affinity for a substrate.
ATP deficiency - (correct Answer) - Lack of ATP impairs muscle contraction.
Citric acid cycle - (correct Answer) - Phase producing most ATP in catabolism.
Phases of catabolism - (correct Answer) - Includes digestion, glycolysis,
oxidation, citric acid cycle.
Anaerobic glycolysis - (correct Answer) - Occurs without oxygen for continued
muscle performance.
Diffusion - (correct Answer) - Movement of solute from high to low concentration.
Electrolytes - (correct Answer) - Electrically charged molecules essential for
bodily functions.
Oncotic pressure - (correct Answer) - Determined by concentration of plasma
proteins.
Hydrostatic pressure - (correct Answer) - Force of fluid against a cell membrane.
Active transport - (correct Answer) - Movement of molecules against a concentration
gradient.
Osmosis - (correct Answer) - Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Glycolysis - (correct Answer) - Initial phase of glucose metabolism producing ATP.
Oxidation - (correct Answer) - Phase of catabolism involving electron transfer.
Muscle fatigue - (correct Answer) - Result of ATP depletion after strenuous
, exercise.
Substrate - (correct Answer) - Specific substance converted to product by enzyme.
Carbohydrate metabolism - (correct Answer) - Process of breaking down carbohydrates
for energy.
Fluid concentration - (correct Answer) - Measured in mOsm/kg for body fluids.
Colloid osmotic pressure - (correct Answer) - Another term for oncotic pressure.
Energy transfer - (correct Answer) - Mechanism by which nutrients convert to ATP.
Solute concentration - (correct Answer) - Refers to the amount of solute in a
solution.
Metabolic absorption - (correct Answer) - Process of cells taking in nutrients.
Respiration - (correct Answer) - Cellular process of converting nutrients to
energy.
Osmolality - (correct Answer) - Concentration of molecules per weight of water.
Osmolarity - (correct Answer) - Concentration of molecules per volume of solution.
Osmotic Pressure - (correct Answer) - Hydrostatic pressure opposing osmotic water
movement.
Oncotic Pressure - (correct Answer) - Pressure from plasma proteins affecting fluid
movement.
Hydrostatic Pressure - (correct Answer) - Pressure exerted by fluid in blood
vessels.
Osmosis - (correct Answer) - Fluid movement from high to low concentration.
Diffusion - (correct Answer) - Passive solute movement from high to low
concentration.
Active Transport - (correct Answer) - Energy-requiring movement against
concentration gradient.
ATPase - (correct Answer) - Enzyme facilitating sodium and potassium transport.
Symport - (correct Answer) - Transport of Na+ and Ca2+ in same direction.
Uniport - (correct Answer) - Transport of a single molecule across membrane.
Antiport - (correct Answer) - Transport of molecules in opposite directions.
Endocytosis - (correct Answer) - Process of engulfing substances into the cell.
Pinocytosis - (correct Answer) - Ingestion of fluids and solutes via small
vesicles.
Phagocytosis - (correct Answer) - Ingestion of large particles, like bacteria.
Exocytosis - (correct Answer) - Process of expelling substances from the cell.
M Phase - (correct Answer) - Cell cycle phase of nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
G1 Phase - (correct Answer) - Period between M phase and DNA synthesis start.
S Phase - (correct Answer) - Phase of DNA synthesis in the cell cycle.
G2 Phase - (correct Answer) - Phase of RNA and protein synthesis before mitosis.
Resting Membrane Potential - (correct Answer) - Electrical potential difference
across a cell membrane.
Action Potential - (correct Answer) - Rapid change in membrane potential initiating
nerve impulse.
Depolarization - (correct Answer) - Membrane potential shift from negative to
positive.
Depolarization - (correct Answer) - Membrane potential becomes positive due to
sodium influx.
Action Potential - (correct Answer) - Rapid change in membrane potential for nerve
signal.
Resting Membrane Potential - (correct Answer) - Electrical charge of a cell at
rest, typically -70 mV.
Sodium Gates - (correct Answer) - Channels that open to allow Na+ into the cell.
Potassium Gates - (correct Answer) - Channels that regulate K+ movement, not
involved in action potential.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) - (correct Answer) - Stimulates production of
connective tissue cells.
Anaphase - (correct Answer) - Phase where centromeres split and chromatids
separate.
Cytokines - (correct Answer) - Regulate tissue growth and development, promoting
cell growth.
Eukaryotic cell - (correct Answer) - Contains supercoiled DNA and histones.
Nucleus - (correct Answer) - Membrane-bound structure housing DNA in eukaryotes.
Respiration - (correct Answer) - Process of absorbing oxygen to produce energy.
Nucleolus - (correct Answer) - Region within nucleus containing genetic material.
Integral membrane proteins - (correct Answer) - Dissolve bilayer to remove attached
proteins.
Ligands - (correct Answer) - Molecules that bind to plasma membrane receptors.
Fibronectin - (correct Answer) - Extracellular matrix protein decreased in
metastatic cancer.
Cell junction - (correct Answer) - Structure allowing direct communication between
adjacent cells.
Paracrine signaling - (correct Answer) - Local chemical mediators affecting nearby
cells.
Enzyme affinity - (correct Answer) - High attraction of enzymes to specific
substrates.
Metabolic absorption - (correct Answer) - Cellular process of nutrient uptake for
energy.
Cell adhesion molecules - (correct Answer) - Proteins that help cells stick to each
other.
Glycoproteins - (correct Answer) - Proteins with carbohydrate chains, marking cell
identity.
Gap junction - (correct Answer) - Channels allowing communication between adjacent
cells.
Desmosome - (correct Answer) - Structure providing mechanical stability between
cells.
Tight junction - (correct Answer) - Barrier preventing leakage between epithelial
cells.
Mitochondria - (correct Answer) - Organelles responsible for cellular respiration.
Ribosomes - (correct Answer) - Sites of protein synthesis within the cell.
Cytoplasm - (correct Answer) - Fluid component of the cell, excluding nucleus.
Collagen - (correct Answer) - Structural protein in extracellular matrix, providing
support.
Elastin - (correct Answer) - Protein allowing elasticity in tissues.
Alpha cells - (correct Answer) - Pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon.
Beta cells - (correct Answer) - Pancreatic cells that secrete insulin.
Paracrine signaling - (correct Answer) - Local chemical mediators quickly taken up
or destroyed.
Enzyme affinity - (correct Answer) - Each enzyme has high affinity for a substrate.
ATP deficiency - (correct Answer) - Lack of ATP impairs muscle contraction.
Citric acid cycle - (correct Answer) - Phase producing most ATP in catabolism.
Phases of catabolism - (correct Answer) - Includes digestion, glycolysis,
oxidation, citric acid cycle.
Anaerobic glycolysis - (correct Answer) - Occurs without oxygen for continued
muscle performance.
Diffusion - (correct Answer) - Movement of solute from high to low concentration.
Electrolytes - (correct Answer) - Electrically charged molecules essential for
bodily functions.
Oncotic pressure - (correct Answer) - Determined by concentration of plasma
proteins.
Hydrostatic pressure - (correct Answer) - Force of fluid against a cell membrane.
Active transport - (correct Answer) - Movement of molecules against a concentration
gradient.
Osmosis - (correct Answer) - Movement of water across a semipermeable membrane.
Glycolysis - (correct Answer) - Initial phase of glucose metabolism producing ATP.
Oxidation - (correct Answer) - Phase of catabolism involving electron transfer.
Muscle fatigue - (correct Answer) - Result of ATP depletion after strenuous
, exercise.
Substrate - (correct Answer) - Specific substance converted to product by enzyme.
Carbohydrate metabolism - (correct Answer) - Process of breaking down carbohydrates
for energy.
Fluid concentration - (correct Answer) - Measured in mOsm/kg for body fluids.
Colloid osmotic pressure - (correct Answer) - Another term for oncotic pressure.
Energy transfer - (correct Answer) - Mechanism by which nutrients convert to ATP.
Solute concentration - (correct Answer) - Refers to the amount of solute in a
solution.
Metabolic absorption - (correct Answer) - Process of cells taking in nutrients.
Respiration - (correct Answer) - Cellular process of converting nutrients to
energy.
Osmolality - (correct Answer) - Concentration of molecules per weight of water.
Osmolarity - (correct Answer) - Concentration of molecules per volume of solution.
Osmotic Pressure - (correct Answer) - Hydrostatic pressure opposing osmotic water
movement.
Oncotic Pressure - (correct Answer) - Pressure from plasma proteins affecting fluid
movement.
Hydrostatic Pressure - (correct Answer) - Pressure exerted by fluid in blood
vessels.
Osmosis - (correct Answer) - Fluid movement from high to low concentration.
Diffusion - (correct Answer) - Passive solute movement from high to low
concentration.
Active Transport - (correct Answer) - Energy-requiring movement against
concentration gradient.
ATPase - (correct Answer) - Enzyme facilitating sodium and potassium transport.
Symport - (correct Answer) - Transport of Na+ and Ca2+ in same direction.
Uniport - (correct Answer) - Transport of a single molecule across membrane.
Antiport - (correct Answer) - Transport of molecules in opposite directions.
Endocytosis - (correct Answer) - Process of engulfing substances into the cell.
Pinocytosis - (correct Answer) - Ingestion of fluids and solutes via small
vesicles.
Phagocytosis - (correct Answer) - Ingestion of large particles, like bacteria.
Exocytosis - (correct Answer) - Process of expelling substances from the cell.
M Phase - (correct Answer) - Cell cycle phase of nuclear and cytoplasmic division.
G1 Phase - (correct Answer) - Period between M phase and DNA synthesis start.
S Phase - (correct Answer) - Phase of DNA synthesis in the cell cycle.
G2 Phase - (correct Answer) - Phase of RNA and protein synthesis before mitosis.
Resting Membrane Potential - (correct Answer) - Electrical potential difference
across a cell membrane.
Action Potential - (correct Answer) - Rapid change in membrane potential initiating
nerve impulse.
Depolarization - (correct Answer) - Membrane potential shift from negative to
positive.
Depolarization - (correct Answer) - Membrane potential becomes positive due to
sodium influx.
Action Potential - (correct Answer) - Rapid change in membrane potential for nerve
signal.
Resting Membrane Potential - (correct Answer) - Electrical charge of a cell at
rest, typically -70 mV.
Sodium Gates - (correct Answer) - Channels that open to allow Na+ into the cell.
Potassium Gates - (correct Answer) - Channels that regulate K+ movement, not
involved in action potential.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) - (correct Answer) - Stimulates production of
connective tissue cells.
Anaphase - (correct Answer) - Phase where centromeres split and chromatids
separate.
Cytokines - (correct Answer) - Regulate tissue growth and development, promoting
cell growth.
