, Solution manual for Behavior Modification
Principles and Procedures, 7th Edition Raymond G.
Miltenberger
Notes
1- All Chapters are step by step.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many new
editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
Solution and Answer Guide
RAYMOND G. MILTENBERGER , BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION: PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES CY2024,
9780357796375; CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................1
Practice Quiz 1 ...................................................................................................................................1
Practice Quiz 2 ...................................................................................................................................2
Practice Quiz 3 ...................................................................................................................................3
Practice Test ......................................................................................................................................4
PRACTICE QUIZ 1
1. Behavior is defined as what people ______________ and ______________.
Answer: do and say
2. Behavior has an impact on the ______________ and/or ____________ environment.
Answer: physical, social
3. Behavior modification is the field of psychology concerned with the ___________ and ___________ of
human behavior.
Answer: analysis, modification
4. Too much of a particular behavior is called a behavioral ___________.
Answer: excess
5. Too little of a particular behavior is called a behavioral ___________.
Answer: deficit
6. Frequency, duration, intensity, and latency are called ___________ of behavior.
Answer: dimensions
7. Match the following individuals with their contribution to behavior modification
a. Skinner b. Watson c. Pavlov d. Thorndike
___________ First to describe the conditioned reflex
___________ Demonstrated the law of effect
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
___________ Conducted research on basic principles of operant behavior and laid the foundation for
behavior modification
Answer: c, d, a
8. ________________ started the movement in psychology called behaviorism.
Answer: Watson
9. A(n) ______________ behavior is a behavior that can be observed and recorded by another person.
Answer: overt
10. A(n) ________________ behavior is not observable by others.
Answer: covert
PRACTICE QUIZ 2
1. ________________ is what people say and do.
Answer: behavior
2. Four dimensions of behavior that can be measured include _______________, _______________,
_______________, and _______________.
Answer: frequency, duration, intensity, latency
3. ___________ is the field of psychology concerned with analyzing and modifying human behavior.
Answer: behavior modification or applied behavior analysis
4. Charlie drinks too many cups of coffee each day. This behavior would be considered a behavioral
___________ (deficit/excess).
Answer: excess
5. Claire does not eat enough fruits and vegetables each day. This behavior would be considered a
behavioral ___________ (deficit/excess).
Answer: deficit
6. John Watson started the movement in psychology called __________________
Answer: behaviorism
7. Edward Thorndike’s major contribution to psychology was the description of the
_________________________.
Answer: law of effect
8. _________________ conducted laboratory research demonstrating basic behavioral principles.
Answer: Skinner
9. An overt behavior is defined as _________________________________________.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
Answer: Behavior that can be observed by another person, such as taking a bite of foodi
10. A covert behavior is defined as _________________________________________.
Answer: Behavior that cannot be observed by another person, such as thinking of an answer to a test
question
PRACTICE QUIZ 3
1. Behavior is defined as ________________________________.
Answer: what people say and do
2. Raul eats too much candy each day. Is this an example of a behavioral deficit or behavioral excess?
__________________
Answer: behavioral excess
3. Asha does not exercise enough. Is this an example of a behavioral excess or behavioral deficit?
____________________
Answer: behavioral deficit
4. Match the term to the definition.
a. Frequency b. Duration c. Intensity d. Latency
_______________ How long a behavior lasts
_______________ How many times a behavior occurs
_______________ How much physical force is involved in the behavior
Answer: b. Duration
a. Frequency
c. Intensity
5. An example of an overt behavior is ________________________________________.
Answer: Any observable action, such as speaking in class
6. An example of a covert behavior is ________________________________________.
Answer: Any behavior that cannot be observed by another person, such as imagining a soccer move
7. ___________________ discovered the law of effect.
Answer: Thorndike
8. ___________________ conducted research on respondent conditioning.
Answer: Pavlov
9. Behavior modification is guided by the theory and philosophy of _______________.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
Answer: behaviorism
10. Behavior modification emphasizes _______ (current/past) environmental events.
Answer: current
PRACTICE TEST
1. What is behavior? (p. 1)
Answer: Behavior is what people do and say. Behavior involves an individual’s actions.
2. Provide an example of a description of behavior and the label applied to that behavior. (p. 1)
Answer: An example of a description of behavior is: Jennifer screamed at her mother, ran upstairs, and
slammed the door to her room. A label that may be applied to this behavior is “anger.”
3. Identify and describe the four dimensions of behavior that can be observed and recorded. (p. 1)
Answer: The four physical dimensions of behavior that can be observed and recorded are:
(1) frequency —the number of times a behavior occurs; (2) duration—the time from when an instance of
the behavior starts until it stops; (3) intensity—the physical force involved in the behavior; and latency—
the time from some stimulus to the onset of the behavior.
4. Provide an example of how a behavior has an impact on the physical environment. Provide an example of
how a behavior has an impact on the social environment. (p. 2)
Answer: Turning a light switch to the off position has an effect on the physical environment in that it
causes the light to go off. Asking a question has an effect on the social environment when another
individual provides an answer to the question.
5. What does it mean to say that behavior is lawful? What is a functional relationship?
(p. 2)
Answer: To say that behavior is lawful is to say that its occurrence is systematically influenced by
environmental events. A “functional relationship” refers to how our behavior is influenced by, or occurs as
a function of, environmental events.
6. Describe the distinction between overt behavior and covert behavior. Provide an example of each. Which
type of behavior is the focus of this book? (p. 2)
Answer: An overt behavior is an action of an individual that can be observed and recorded by an
individual other than the one engaging in the behavior. An example of an overt behavior is talking. Covert
behaviors, on the other hand, are not observable to others. For example, thinking is a covert behavior.
This textbook will focus on behavior modification with overt behaviors.
7. Identify the five characteristics of human behavior. (p. 2)
Answer: The five characteristics of behavior are as follows:
• Behavior is what people do and say
• Behaviors have one or more dimensions
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 4
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
• Behaviors can be observed, described, and recorded
• Behaviors have an impact on the environment
• Behavior is lawful
8. What does it mean to say that behavior modification procedures are based on behavioral principles? (p.
4)
Answer: Behavior modification is the application of basic principles originally derived from experimental
research with laboratory animals and humans.
9. What causes human behavior? Describe how a label might be mistakenly identified as a cause of a
behavior. (p. 4)
Answer: Human behavior is controlled by events in the immediate environment. However, a label might
be mistakenly identified as a cause of behavior. A label is derived from observable patterns of behavior.
For example, to say that an autistic child engages in problem behaviors because he is autistic is incorrect.
Rather, the label of autism is made based on a pattern of behaviors observed in the child. The label
cannot be the cause of the behavior because the label does not exist as a physical entity or event.
10. Why is it important to describe behavior modification procedures precisely? (p. 4)
Answer: By describing behavior modification procedures precisely, researchers and other professionals
make it more likely that the procedures will be used correctly each time to produce the desired changes in
behavior.
11. Who implements behavior modification procedures? (p. 4)
Answer: While behavior modification procedures are developed by professionals or paraprofessionals
trained in behavior modification or applied behavior analysis, the procedures are often implemented by
people such as teachers, parents, job supervisors, or others.
12. Why is it important to measure behavior before and after behavior modification procedures are used? (p.
4)
Answer: It is important to measure behavior before and after behavior modification procedures are used
to document the behavior change resulting from the use of the behavior modification procedures.
13. Why doesn’t behavior modification focus on the past as the cause of the behavior?
(p. 5)
Answer: Behavior modification places emphasis on current environmental events as causes of behavior.
Although information of past events is useful, knowledge of current controlling variables will be most
useful for developing effective behavior modification interventions, because you can only change events
in the current environment as part of a behavior modification intervention.
14. Identify nine defining characteristics of behavior modification. (p. 5)
Answer: Nine defining characteristics of behavior modification are as follows:
• Focus on behavior
• Guided by the theory and philosophy of behaviorism
• Based on behavior principles
• Emphasis on current environmental events
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 5
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
• Procedures are described precisely
• Implemented by persons in everyday life
• Measurement of behavior change
• De-emphasis on past events as causes of behavior
• Rejection of hypothetical “underlying” causes of behavior
15. Briefly describe the contributions of Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner to the development of
behavior modification. (pp. 5, 6)
Answer: Ivan B. Pavlov conducted experiments which uncovered the basic processes of respondent
conditioning. Pavlov demonstrated that a reflex (salivation in response to food) could be conditioned to a
neutral stimulus (the sound of a metronome). Edward L. Thorndike described the “law of effect,” which
says that a behavior that produces a favorable effect on the environment will be more likely to be
repeated in the future. In his article, “Psychology as the behaviorist views it,” John B. Watson asserted
that observable behavior was the proper subject matter of psychology and that all behavior was
controlled by environmental events. B. F. Skinner expanded the field of behaviorism originally described
by Watson. His research elaborated the basic principles of operant behavior and is the foundation of
behavior modification.
16. Identify at least one way in which behavior modification has been applied in each of the following areas:
developmental disabilities; education; community psychology; business, industry, and human services;
self-management; prevention; health-related behaviors; mental illness; rehabilitation; clinical psychology;
child management; sports performance; and gerontology. (pp. 7-9)
Answer: Examples of how behavior modification procedures have been applied in various areas are as
follows:
• Developmental disabilities—to train a variety of functional skills to overcome behavioral deficits; to
eliminate serious behavioral problems such as self-injurious behaviors, aggressive behavior, and
destructive behavior; in the areas of staff training and staff management.
• Mental illness—to modify such behaviors as daily living skills, social behavior, aggressive behavior,
treatment compliance, psychotic behaviors, and work skills; the development of a motivational
procedure for institutional patients called a token economy.
• Education and Special Education—researchers have analyzed student-teacher interactions in the
classroom, improved teaching methods, and developed procedures for reducing interfering problem
behaviors in the classroom; improvement of instructional techniques and increases in student
learning. In special education, research has focused on teaching methods, control of problem
behaviors in the classroom, improving social behaviors and functional skills, self-management, and
teacher training.
• Rehabilitation—to promote compliance with rehabilitation routines such as physical therapy, to teach
new skills to replace skills lost due to the injury or trauma, to decrease problem behaviors, to help
manage chronic pain, and to improve memory performance.
• Community psychology—reducing littering, increasing recycling, reducing energy consumption,
reducing unsafe driving, reducing illegal drug use, increasing the use of seat belts, decreasing illegal
parking in handicapped spaces, and reducing speeding.
• Clinical psychology—treatment of a wide range of problems experienced by people; training of
clinical psychologists.
• Business, industry, and human services—to increase the quantity and quality of work performance
and safety on the job; to decrease tardiness, absenteeism, and accidents on the job.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 6
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
• Self-management—to control personal habits, health-related behaviors, professional behaviors, and
personal problems.
• Child management—to help children overcome such problems as bedwetting, nail biting, temper
tantrums, noncompliance, aggressive behaviors, bad manners, stuttering, and other common
problems of childhood.
• Prevention—of child sexual abuse, child abduction, accidents in the home, child abuse and neglect,
and sexually transmitted diseases.
• Sports performance—to improve athletic performance.
• Health-related behaviors—to increase healthy lifestyle behaviors (exercise, nutrition, etc.) and
decrease unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, overeating, etc.); to promote behaviors that have a
positive influence on physical or medical problems; to increase compliance with medical regimens.
• Gerontology—to help elderly individuals deal with their deteriorating physical abilities, to help them
adjust to nursing home environments, to promote health-related behaviors and appropriate social
interactions, and to decrease problem behaviors that may arise from Alzheimer’s disease, other types
of dementia, or institutional demands.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 7
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 2: Observing and
Recording Behavior
Solution and Answer Guide
RAYMOND G. MILTENBERGER , BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION: PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES CY2024,
9780357796375; CHAPTER 2: OBSERVING AND RECORDING BEHAVIOR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................1
Practice Quiz 1 ...................................................................................................................................1
Practice Quiz 2 ...................................................................................................................................2
Practice Quiz 3 ...................................................................................................................................3
Practice Test ......................................................................................................................................4
Applications.......................................................................................................................................7
Misapplications .................................................................................................................................8
PRACTICE QUIZ 1
1. There are two types of behavioral assessment: ___________ assessment and ___________ assessment.
Answer: direct, indirect
2. The first step in developing a behavior recording plan is to define the ___________ you want to record.
Answer: behavior or target behavior
3. A(n) ___________ includes active verbs that describe the specific behaviors a person exhibits.
Answer: behavioral definition
4. When two people independently observe the same behavior, both record the behavior, and then
calculate that their recordings were in agreement, this is called ______________.
Answer: interobserver agreement
5. The ___________ is the specific period in which the observer records the target behavior.
Answer: observation period
6. Jerron recorded the number of times they used a specific curse word each day. What dimension of
behavior was Jerron recording? ___________
Answer: frequency
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
Principles and Procedures, 7th Edition Raymond G.
Miltenberger
Notes
1- All Chapters are step by step.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many new
editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
Solution and Answer Guide
RAYMOND G. MILTENBERGER , BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION: PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES CY2024,
9780357796375; CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................1
Practice Quiz 1 ...................................................................................................................................1
Practice Quiz 2 ...................................................................................................................................2
Practice Quiz 3 ...................................................................................................................................3
Practice Test ......................................................................................................................................4
PRACTICE QUIZ 1
1. Behavior is defined as what people ______________ and ______________.
Answer: do and say
2. Behavior has an impact on the ______________ and/or ____________ environment.
Answer: physical, social
3. Behavior modification is the field of psychology concerned with the ___________ and ___________ of
human behavior.
Answer: analysis, modification
4. Too much of a particular behavior is called a behavioral ___________.
Answer: excess
5. Too little of a particular behavior is called a behavioral ___________.
Answer: deficit
6. Frequency, duration, intensity, and latency are called ___________ of behavior.
Answer: dimensions
7. Match the following individuals with their contribution to behavior modification
a. Skinner b. Watson c. Pavlov d. Thorndike
___________ First to describe the conditioned reflex
___________ Demonstrated the law of effect
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
___________ Conducted research on basic principles of operant behavior and laid the foundation for
behavior modification
Answer: c, d, a
8. ________________ started the movement in psychology called behaviorism.
Answer: Watson
9. A(n) ______________ behavior is a behavior that can be observed and recorded by another person.
Answer: overt
10. A(n) ________________ behavior is not observable by others.
Answer: covert
PRACTICE QUIZ 2
1. ________________ is what people say and do.
Answer: behavior
2. Four dimensions of behavior that can be measured include _______________, _______________,
_______________, and _______________.
Answer: frequency, duration, intensity, latency
3. ___________ is the field of psychology concerned with analyzing and modifying human behavior.
Answer: behavior modification or applied behavior analysis
4. Charlie drinks too many cups of coffee each day. This behavior would be considered a behavioral
___________ (deficit/excess).
Answer: excess
5. Claire does not eat enough fruits and vegetables each day. This behavior would be considered a
behavioral ___________ (deficit/excess).
Answer: deficit
6. John Watson started the movement in psychology called __________________
Answer: behaviorism
7. Edward Thorndike’s major contribution to psychology was the description of the
_________________________.
Answer: law of effect
8. _________________ conducted laboratory research demonstrating basic behavioral principles.
Answer: Skinner
9. An overt behavior is defined as _________________________________________.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
Answer: Behavior that can be observed by another person, such as taking a bite of foodi
10. A covert behavior is defined as _________________________________________.
Answer: Behavior that cannot be observed by another person, such as thinking of an answer to a test
question
PRACTICE QUIZ 3
1. Behavior is defined as ________________________________.
Answer: what people say and do
2. Raul eats too much candy each day. Is this an example of a behavioral deficit or behavioral excess?
__________________
Answer: behavioral excess
3. Asha does not exercise enough. Is this an example of a behavioral excess or behavioral deficit?
____________________
Answer: behavioral deficit
4. Match the term to the definition.
a. Frequency b. Duration c. Intensity d. Latency
_______________ How long a behavior lasts
_______________ How many times a behavior occurs
_______________ How much physical force is involved in the behavior
Answer: b. Duration
a. Frequency
c. Intensity
5. An example of an overt behavior is ________________________________________.
Answer: Any observable action, such as speaking in class
6. An example of a covert behavior is ________________________________________.
Answer: Any behavior that cannot be observed by another person, such as imagining a soccer move
7. ___________________ discovered the law of effect.
Answer: Thorndike
8. ___________________ conducted research on respondent conditioning.
Answer: Pavlov
9. Behavior modification is guided by the theory and philosophy of _______________.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
Answer: behaviorism
10. Behavior modification emphasizes _______ (current/past) environmental events.
Answer: current
PRACTICE TEST
1. What is behavior? (p. 1)
Answer: Behavior is what people do and say. Behavior involves an individual’s actions.
2. Provide an example of a description of behavior and the label applied to that behavior. (p. 1)
Answer: An example of a description of behavior is: Jennifer screamed at her mother, ran upstairs, and
slammed the door to her room. A label that may be applied to this behavior is “anger.”
3. Identify and describe the four dimensions of behavior that can be observed and recorded. (p. 1)
Answer: The four physical dimensions of behavior that can be observed and recorded are:
(1) frequency —the number of times a behavior occurs; (2) duration—the time from when an instance of
the behavior starts until it stops; (3) intensity—the physical force involved in the behavior; and latency—
the time from some stimulus to the onset of the behavior.
4. Provide an example of how a behavior has an impact on the physical environment. Provide an example of
how a behavior has an impact on the social environment. (p. 2)
Answer: Turning a light switch to the off position has an effect on the physical environment in that it
causes the light to go off. Asking a question has an effect on the social environment when another
individual provides an answer to the question.
5. What does it mean to say that behavior is lawful? What is a functional relationship?
(p. 2)
Answer: To say that behavior is lawful is to say that its occurrence is systematically influenced by
environmental events. A “functional relationship” refers to how our behavior is influenced by, or occurs as
a function of, environmental events.
6. Describe the distinction between overt behavior and covert behavior. Provide an example of each. Which
type of behavior is the focus of this book? (p. 2)
Answer: An overt behavior is an action of an individual that can be observed and recorded by an
individual other than the one engaging in the behavior. An example of an overt behavior is talking. Covert
behaviors, on the other hand, are not observable to others. For example, thinking is a covert behavior.
This textbook will focus on behavior modification with overt behaviors.
7. Identify the five characteristics of human behavior. (p. 2)
Answer: The five characteristics of behavior are as follows:
• Behavior is what people do and say
• Behaviors have one or more dimensions
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 4
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
• Behaviors can be observed, described, and recorded
• Behaviors have an impact on the environment
• Behavior is lawful
8. What does it mean to say that behavior modification procedures are based on behavioral principles? (p.
4)
Answer: Behavior modification is the application of basic principles originally derived from experimental
research with laboratory animals and humans.
9. What causes human behavior? Describe how a label might be mistakenly identified as a cause of a
behavior. (p. 4)
Answer: Human behavior is controlled by events in the immediate environment. However, a label might
be mistakenly identified as a cause of behavior. A label is derived from observable patterns of behavior.
For example, to say that an autistic child engages in problem behaviors because he is autistic is incorrect.
Rather, the label of autism is made based on a pattern of behaviors observed in the child. The label
cannot be the cause of the behavior because the label does not exist as a physical entity or event.
10. Why is it important to describe behavior modification procedures precisely? (p. 4)
Answer: By describing behavior modification procedures precisely, researchers and other professionals
make it more likely that the procedures will be used correctly each time to produce the desired changes in
behavior.
11. Who implements behavior modification procedures? (p. 4)
Answer: While behavior modification procedures are developed by professionals or paraprofessionals
trained in behavior modification or applied behavior analysis, the procedures are often implemented by
people such as teachers, parents, job supervisors, or others.
12. Why is it important to measure behavior before and after behavior modification procedures are used? (p.
4)
Answer: It is important to measure behavior before and after behavior modification procedures are used
to document the behavior change resulting from the use of the behavior modification procedures.
13. Why doesn’t behavior modification focus on the past as the cause of the behavior?
(p. 5)
Answer: Behavior modification places emphasis on current environmental events as causes of behavior.
Although information of past events is useful, knowledge of current controlling variables will be most
useful for developing effective behavior modification interventions, because you can only change events
in the current environment as part of a behavior modification intervention.
14. Identify nine defining characteristics of behavior modification. (p. 5)
Answer: Nine defining characteristics of behavior modification are as follows:
• Focus on behavior
• Guided by the theory and philosophy of behaviorism
• Based on behavior principles
• Emphasis on current environmental events
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 5
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
• Procedures are described precisely
• Implemented by persons in everyday life
• Measurement of behavior change
• De-emphasis on past events as causes of behavior
• Rejection of hypothetical “underlying” causes of behavior
15. Briefly describe the contributions of Pavlov, Thorndike, Watson, and Skinner to the development of
behavior modification. (pp. 5, 6)
Answer: Ivan B. Pavlov conducted experiments which uncovered the basic processes of respondent
conditioning. Pavlov demonstrated that a reflex (salivation in response to food) could be conditioned to a
neutral stimulus (the sound of a metronome). Edward L. Thorndike described the “law of effect,” which
says that a behavior that produces a favorable effect on the environment will be more likely to be
repeated in the future. In his article, “Psychology as the behaviorist views it,” John B. Watson asserted
that observable behavior was the proper subject matter of psychology and that all behavior was
controlled by environmental events. B. F. Skinner expanded the field of behaviorism originally described
by Watson. His research elaborated the basic principles of operant behavior and is the foundation of
behavior modification.
16. Identify at least one way in which behavior modification has been applied in each of the following areas:
developmental disabilities; education; community psychology; business, industry, and human services;
self-management; prevention; health-related behaviors; mental illness; rehabilitation; clinical psychology;
child management; sports performance; and gerontology. (pp. 7-9)
Answer: Examples of how behavior modification procedures have been applied in various areas are as
follows:
• Developmental disabilities—to train a variety of functional skills to overcome behavioral deficits; to
eliminate serious behavioral problems such as self-injurious behaviors, aggressive behavior, and
destructive behavior; in the areas of staff training and staff management.
• Mental illness—to modify such behaviors as daily living skills, social behavior, aggressive behavior,
treatment compliance, psychotic behaviors, and work skills; the development of a motivational
procedure for institutional patients called a token economy.
• Education and Special Education—researchers have analyzed student-teacher interactions in the
classroom, improved teaching methods, and developed procedures for reducing interfering problem
behaviors in the classroom; improvement of instructional techniques and increases in student
learning. In special education, research has focused on teaching methods, control of problem
behaviors in the classroom, improving social behaviors and functional skills, self-management, and
teacher training.
• Rehabilitation—to promote compliance with rehabilitation routines such as physical therapy, to teach
new skills to replace skills lost due to the injury or trauma, to decrease problem behaviors, to help
manage chronic pain, and to improve memory performance.
• Community psychology—reducing littering, increasing recycling, reducing energy consumption,
reducing unsafe driving, reducing illegal drug use, increasing the use of seat belts, decreasing illegal
parking in handicapped spaces, and reducing speeding.
• Clinical psychology—treatment of a wide range of problems experienced by people; training of
clinical psychologists.
• Business, industry, and human services—to increase the quantity and quality of work performance
and safety on the job; to decrease tardiness, absenteeism, and accidents on the job.
© 2024 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 6
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 1: Introduction to
Behavior Modification
• Self-management—to control personal habits, health-related behaviors, professional behaviors, and
personal problems.
• Child management—to help children overcome such problems as bedwetting, nail biting, temper
tantrums, noncompliance, aggressive behaviors, bad manners, stuttering, and other common
problems of childhood.
• Prevention—of child sexual abuse, child abduction, accidents in the home, child abuse and neglect,
and sexually transmitted diseases.
• Sports performance—to improve athletic performance.
• Health-related behaviors—to increase healthy lifestyle behaviors (exercise, nutrition, etc.) and
decrease unhealthy behaviors (smoking, drinking, overeating, etc.); to promote behaviors that have a
positive influence on physical or medical problems; to increase compliance with medical regimens.
• Gerontology—to help elderly individuals deal with their deteriorating physical abilities, to help them
adjust to nursing home environments, to promote health-related behaviors and appropriate social
interactions, and to decrease problem behaviors that may arise from Alzheimer’s disease, other types
of dementia, or institutional demands.
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website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Raymond G. Miltenberger, Behavior Modification: Principles and Procedures CY2024, 9780357796375; Chapter 2: Observing and
Recording Behavior
Solution and Answer Guide
RAYMOND G. MILTENBERGER , BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION: PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES CY2024,
9780357796375; CHAPTER 2: OBSERVING AND RECORDING BEHAVIOR
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents ...............................................................................................................................1
Practice Quiz 1 ...................................................................................................................................1
Practice Quiz 2 ...................................................................................................................................2
Practice Quiz 3 ...................................................................................................................................3
Practice Test ......................................................................................................................................4
Applications.......................................................................................................................................7
Misapplications .................................................................................................................................8
PRACTICE QUIZ 1
1. There are two types of behavioral assessment: ___________ assessment and ___________ assessment.
Answer: direct, indirect
2. The first step in developing a behavior recording plan is to define the ___________ you want to record.
Answer: behavior or target behavior
3. A(n) ___________ includes active verbs that describe the specific behaviors a person exhibits.
Answer: behavioral definition
4. When two people independently observe the same behavior, both record the behavior, and then
calculate that their recordings were in agreement, this is called ______________.
Answer: interobserver agreement
5. The ___________ is the specific period in which the observer records the target behavior.
Answer: observation period
6. Jerron recorded the number of times they used a specific curse word each day. What dimension of
behavior was Jerron recording? ___________
Answer: frequency
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website, in whole or in part.
