, Solution manual for Chemistry & Chemical
Reactivity, 11th Edition John C. Kotz
Notes
1- All Chapters are step by step.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
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, Student Solutions Manual
Chemistry &
Chemical Reactivity
ELEVENTH EDITION
John C. Kotz
Paul M. Treichel
John R. Townsend
David A. Treichel
Prepared by
Charles Atwood
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
, Copyright © 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-357-85183-8
Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage Cengage
200 Pier 4 Boulevard
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the Boston, MA 02210
copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form USA
or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law,
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner, Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning
except as may be permitted by the license terms below. solutions. Our employees reside in nearly 40 different
countries and serve digital learners in 165 countries
The names of all products mentioned herein are used for around the world. Find your local representative at
identification purposes only and may be trademarks or www.cengage.com.
registered trademarks of their respective owners. Cengage
Learning disclaims any affiliation, association, connection To learn more about Cengage platforms and
with, sponsorship, or endorsement by such owners. services, register or access your online learning
solution, or purchase materials for your course, visit
www.cengage.com.
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 or
support.cengage.com.
For permission to use material from this text or product, submit
all requests online at www.copyright.com..
Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2023
, Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry .........................................................................................1
Chapter 1R: Let’s Review ..............................................................................................................15
Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions .........................................................................................36
Chapter 3: Chemical Reactions ......................................................................................................88
Chapter 4: Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions ........................119
Chapter 5: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and Chemical Reactions ........................184
Chapter 6: The Structure of Atoms ..............................................................................................231
Chapter 7: The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends .............................................................256
Chapter 8: Bonding and Molecular Structure ..............................................................................283
Chapter 9: Bonding and Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals ...328
Chapter 10: Gases & Their Properties .........................................................................................356
Chapter 11: Intermolecular Forces and Liquids...........................................................................398
Chapter 12: The Solid State .........................................................................................................418
Chapter 13: Solutions and Their Behavior...................................................................................448
Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics The Rates of Chemical Reactions..............................................492
Chapter 15: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria .........................................................533
Chapter 16: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry of Acids and Bases ..................569
Chapter 17: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria ..............612
Chapter 18: Thermodynamics-Entropy and Free Energy ............................................................671
Chapter 19: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions .............................713
Chapter 20: Nuclear Chemistry ...................................................................................................763
Chapter 21: The Chemistry of the Main Group Elements ...........................................................789
Chapter 22: The Chemistry of the Transition Elements ..............................................................833
Chapter 23 Carbon: Not Just Another Element ...........................................................................861
Chapter 24 Biochemistry .............................................................................................................901
Chapter 25 Environmental Chemistry Earth’s Environment, Energy, and Sustainability ...........919
© 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.
iii
,
,Solution and Answer Guide
Kotz Treichel Townsend Treichel, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 11e, 978-0-357-85140-1,
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Applying Chemical Principles ......................................................................................................1
Practicing Skills..............................................................................................................................1
General Questions ..........................................................................................................................7
Applying Chemical Principles
CO2 in the Oceans
1.1.1. Name of CO2: carbon dioxide
1.1.2. Symbols for metals mentioned in the article:
calcium, Ca; copper, Cu; manganese, Mn; iron, Fe
1.1.3. Most dense metal: Cu (8960 kg/m3) Least dense metal: Ca (1550 kg/m3)
Data taken from www.ptable.com
1.1.4. CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) contains Ca (calcium), C (carbon), and O (oxygen).
Practicing Skills
Nature of Science
1.1. (a) Proposal that pressure increases with decreased volume—hypothesis
(b) Over time experiments indicate that pressure and volume are inversely proportional—law
(c) Proposal that more molecules colliding per given area results in increased pressure—
theory
1.2. Categorize as hypothesis, theory, or law: Hypothesis--a tentative explanation or prediction in
accord with current knowledge.
© 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.
1
, Solution and Answer Guide: Kotz Treichel Townsend Treichel, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 11e,
978-0-357-85140-1, Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Green Chemistry
1.3. Sustainable development means meeting today’s needs while ensuring that future
generations will be able to meet theirs.
1.4. Green chemistry refers to practices that reduce waste products during chemical processes,
use materials wisely, use renewable materials, generate substances with the lowest possible
toxicity, and conserve energy as well as materials.
1.5. Practices of Green Chemistry described:
• Synthetic methods to maximize incorporation of all materials
• Synthetic methods to generate substances with little or no toxicity
• Raw materials should be renewable
• Energy requirements recognized for environmental and economic impact minimized
1.6. Practices of Green Chemistry described:
• Raw materials (plant-based materials) renewable
• Energy saved
• Synthesis uses products with low or no toxicity (water and plant-based materials)
• Synthetic methods to generate substances with little or no toxicity
Matter: Elements and Atoms, Compounds and Molecules
1.7. The names of each of the elements:
(a) N nitrogen (c) Br bromine (e) Li lithium
(b) Ca calcium (d) I iodine (f) Fe iron – from the
Latin ferrium
1.8. The names of each of the elements:
(a) Cr chromium (c) Mg Magnesium – (e) Ar argon
often confused
with manganese
(b) Ni nickel (d) Cl chlorine (f) Ti titanium
© 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.
2
, Solution and Answer Guide: Kotz Treichel Townsend Treichel, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 11e,
978-0-357-85140-1, Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry
1.9. The symbol for each of the elements:
(a) strontium Sr (c) cobalt Co (e) selenium Se
(b) cadmium Cd (d) mercury Hg (f) bismuth Bi
1.10. The symbol for each of the elements:
(a) platinum Pt (c) uranium U (e) tungsten W
(b) gallium Ga (d) thallium Tl (f) xenon Xe
1.11. In each of the pairs, decide which is an element and which is a compound:
[HINT: If the isolated symbol is on the periodic table, it’s an element!]
(a) Na or NaCl—Sodium(Na) is an element, and sodium chloride(NaCl) is a compound.
(b) Sugar or carbon—Sugar, composed of C, H, and O, is a compound, and carbon(C) is an
element.
(c) Gold or gold(III) chloride—Gold(Au) is an element, and gold(III) chloride (AuCl3) is a
compound.
1.12. In each of the pairs, decide which is an element and which is a compound:
[HINT: If the isolated symbol is on the periodic table, it’s an element!]
(a) Pt(NH3)2Cl2 is a compound; Pt is an element
(b) Copper is an element; copper(II) oxide is a compound
(c) Silicon is an element; SiO2 is a compound
1.13. Masses of hydrogen and oxygen gases prepared from 27 g of water?
An 18 g sample of water contains 2 g of hydrogen gas and 16 g of oxygen gas. A 27 g sample
will contain the same proportion of hydrogen and oxygen.
2 g hydrogen x
=
18 g water 27 g water
2 × 27
x= =3
18
The amount of oxygen would be 27 – 3 or 24 g oxygen. We could have used the ratio of
oxygen to water to solve for the amount of oxygen in 27 g water.
The Law of Constant Composition (or the Law of Definite Proportions) is used.
© 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.
3
, Solution and Answer Guide: Kotz Treichel Townsend Treichel, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 11e,
978-0-357-85140-1, Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry
1.14. 60. g of magnesium produces 100. g of magnesium oxide. A ratio will tell us the amount of
oxide formed when 30. g of magnesium are used (An example of The Law of Constant
Composition or the Law of Definite Proportions).
60. g magnesium 30. g magnesium
=
40. g oxygen x
30. × 40.
x= = 20. g oxygen
60.
Physical and Chemical Properties
1.15. Determine if the property is a physical or chemical property for the following:
(a) color a physical property
(b) transformed into rust a chemical property
(c) explode a chemical property
(d) density a physical property
(e) melts a physical property
(f) green a physical property (as in (a))
Physical properties are those that can be observed or measured without changing the
composition of the substance. Exploding or transforming into rust results in substances that are
different from the original substances—and represent chemical properties.
1.16. Determine if the property is a physical or chemical property for the following:
[HINT: Physical changes do not alter the chemical composition of the substances whereas
chemical changes produce new substances with different chemical compositions.]
(a) physical property—electrical conductivity does not affect the chemical state of copper
(b) physical property—viscosity is changed upon heating but it does not change the chemical
state of olive oil (or other liquids)
(c) physical property—density is one of the basic physical properties of substances
(d) chemical property—fermentation is a chemical process that changes sugar into alcohol
(e) physical property—color of a substance is also a basic physical property
(f) chemical property—burning (combustion) converts gasoline to carbon dioxide and water
substances that are different from gasoline
1.17. Determine if the change is a physical or chemical change for the following:
[HINT: Physical changes do not alter the chemical composition of the substances whereas
chemical changes produce new substances with different chemical compositions.]
© 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.
4
Reactivity, 11th Edition John C. Kotz
Notes
1- All Chapters are step by step.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
, Student Solutions Manual
Chemistry &
Chemical Reactivity
ELEVENTH EDITION
John C. Kotz
Paul M. Treichel
John R. Townsend
David A. Treichel
Prepared by
Charles Atwood
Australia • Brazil • Canada • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States
, Copyright © 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. ISBN: 978-0-357-85183-8
Unless otherwise noted, all content is © Cengage Cengage
200 Pier 4 Boulevard
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the Boston, MA 02210
copyright herein may be reproduced or distributed in any form USA
or by any means, except as permitted by U.S. copyright law,
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner, Cengage is a leading provider of customized learning
except as may be permitted by the license terms below. solutions. Our employees reside in nearly 40 different
countries and serve digital learners in 165 countries
The names of all products mentioned herein are used for around the world. Find your local representative at
identification purposes only and may be trademarks or www.cengage.com.
registered trademarks of their respective owners. Cengage
Learning disclaims any affiliation, association, connection To learn more about Cengage platforms and
with, sponsorship, or endorsement by such owners. services, register or access your online learning
solution, or purchase materials for your course, visit
www.cengage.com.
For product information and technology assistance, contact us at
Cengage Customer & Sales Support, 1-800-354-9706 or
support.cengage.com.
For permission to use material from this text or product, submit
all requests online at www.copyright.com..
Printed in the United States of America
Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2023
, Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry .........................................................................................1
Chapter 1R: Let’s Review ..............................................................................................................15
Chapter 2: Atoms, Molecules, and Ions .........................................................................................36
Chapter 3: Chemical Reactions ......................................................................................................88
Chapter 4: Stoichiometry: Quantitative Information about Chemical Reactions ........................119
Chapter 5: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Energy and Chemical Reactions ........................184
Chapter 6: The Structure of Atoms ..............................................................................................231
Chapter 7: The Structure of Atoms and Periodic Trends .............................................................256
Chapter 8: Bonding and Molecular Structure ..............................................................................283
Chapter 9: Bonding and Molecular Structure: Orbital Hybridization and Molecular Orbitals ...328
Chapter 10: Gases & Their Properties .........................................................................................356
Chapter 11: Intermolecular Forces and Liquids...........................................................................398
Chapter 12: The Solid State .........................................................................................................418
Chapter 13: Solutions and Their Behavior...................................................................................448
Chapter 14: Chemical Kinetics The Rates of Chemical Reactions..............................................492
Chapter 15: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Equilibria .........................................................533
Chapter 16: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: The Chemistry of Acids and Bases ..................569
Chapter 17: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Other Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria ..............612
Chapter 18: Thermodynamics-Entropy and Free Energy ............................................................671
Chapter 19: Principles of Chemical Reactivity: Electron Transfer Reactions .............................713
Chapter 20: Nuclear Chemistry ...................................................................................................763
Chapter 21: The Chemistry of the Main Group Elements ...........................................................789
Chapter 22: The Chemistry of the Transition Elements ..............................................................833
Chapter 23 Carbon: Not Just Another Element ...........................................................................861
Chapter 24 Biochemistry .............................................................................................................901
Chapter 25 Environmental Chemistry Earth’s Environment, Energy, and Sustainability ...........919
© 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.
iii
,
,Solution and Answer Guide
Kotz Treichel Townsend Treichel, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 11e, 978-0-357-85140-1,
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Applying Chemical Principles ......................................................................................................1
Practicing Skills..............................................................................................................................1
General Questions ..........................................................................................................................7
Applying Chemical Principles
CO2 in the Oceans
1.1.1. Name of CO2: carbon dioxide
1.1.2. Symbols for metals mentioned in the article:
calcium, Ca; copper, Cu; manganese, Mn; iron, Fe
1.1.3. Most dense metal: Cu (8960 kg/m3) Least dense metal: Ca (1550 kg/m3)
Data taken from www.ptable.com
1.1.4. CaCO3 (calcium carbonate) contains Ca (calcium), C (carbon), and O (oxygen).
Practicing Skills
Nature of Science
1.1. (a) Proposal that pressure increases with decreased volume—hypothesis
(b) Over time experiments indicate that pressure and volume are inversely proportional—law
(c) Proposal that more molecules colliding per given area results in increased pressure—
theory
1.2. Categorize as hypothesis, theory, or law: Hypothesis--a tentative explanation or prediction in
accord with current knowledge.
© 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.
1
, Solution and Answer Guide: Kotz Treichel Townsend Treichel, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 11e,
978-0-357-85140-1, Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry
Green Chemistry
1.3. Sustainable development means meeting today’s needs while ensuring that future
generations will be able to meet theirs.
1.4. Green chemistry refers to practices that reduce waste products during chemical processes,
use materials wisely, use renewable materials, generate substances with the lowest possible
toxicity, and conserve energy as well as materials.
1.5. Practices of Green Chemistry described:
• Synthetic methods to maximize incorporation of all materials
• Synthetic methods to generate substances with little or no toxicity
• Raw materials should be renewable
• Energy requirements recognized for environmental and economic impact minimized
1.6. Practices of Green Chemistry described:
• Raw materials (plant-based materials) renewable
• Energy saved
• Synthesis uses products with low or no toxicity (water and plant-based materials)
• Synthetic methods to generate substances with little or no toxicity
Matter: Elements and Atoms, Compounds and Molecules
1.7. The names of each of the elements:
(a) N nitrogen (c) Br bromine (e) Li lithium
(b) Ca calcium (d) I iodine (f) Fe iron – from the
Latin ferrium
1.8. The names of each of the elements:
(a) Cr chromium (c) Mg Magnesium – (e) Ar argon
often confused
with manganese
(b) Ni nickel (d) Cl chlorine (f) Ti titanium
© 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.
2
, Solution and Answer Guide: Kotz Treichel Townsend Treichel, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 11e,
978-0-357-85140-1, Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry
1.9. The symbol for each of the elements:
(a) strontium Sr (c) cobalt Co (e) selenium Se
(b) cadmium Cd (d) mercury Hg (f) bismuth Bi
1.10. The symbol for each of the elements:
(a) platinum Pt (c) uranium U (e) tungsten W
(b) gallium Ga (d) thallium Tl (f) xenon Xe
1.11. In each of the pairs, decide which is an element and which is a compound:
[HINT: If the isolated symbol is on the periodic table, it’s an element!]
(a) Na or NaCl—Sodium(Na) is an element, and sodium chloride(NaCl) is a compound.
(b) Sugar or carbon—Sugar, composed of C, H, and O, is a compound, and carbon(C) is an
element.
(c) Gold or gold(III) chloride—Gold(Au) is an element, and gold(III) chloride (AuCl3) is a
compound.
1.12. In each of the pairs, decide which is an element and which is a compound:
[HINT: If the isolated symbol is on the periodic table, it’s an element!]
(a) Pt(NH3)2Cl2 is a compound; Pt is an element
(b) Copper is an element; copper(II) oxide is a compound
(c) Silicon is an element; SiO2 is a compound
1.13. Masses of hydrogen and oxygen gases prepared from 27 g of water?
An 18 g sample of water contains 2 g of hydrogen gas and 16 g of oxygen gas. A 27 g sample
will contain the same proportion of hydrogen and oxygen.
2 g hydrogen x
=
18 g water 27 g water
2 × 27
x= =3
18
The amount of oxygen would be 27 – 3 or 24 g oxygen. We could have used the ratio of
oxygen to water to solve for the amount of oxygen in 27 g water.
The Law of Constant Composition (or the Law of Definite Proportions) is used.
© 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.
3
, Solution and Answer Guide: Kotz Treichel Townsend Treichel, Chemistry and Chemical Reactivity 11e,
978-0-357-85140-1, Chapter 1: Basic Concepts of Chemistry
1.14. 60. g of magnesium produces 100. g of magnesium oxide. A ratio will tell us the amount of
oxide formed when 30. g of magnesium are used (An example of The Law of Constant
Composition or the Law of Definite Proportions).
60. g magnesium 30. g magnesium
=
40. g oxygen x
30. × 40.
x= = 20. g oxygen
60.
Physical and Chemical Properties
1.15. Determine if the property is a physical or chemical property for the following:
(a) color a physical property
(b) transformed into rust a chemical property
(c) explode a chemical property
(d) density a physical property
(e) melts a physical property
(f) green a physical property (as in (a))
Physical properties are those that can be observed or measured without changing the
composition of the substance. Exploding or transforming into rust results in substances that are
different from the original substances—and represent chemical properties.
1.16. Determine if the property is a physical or chemical property for the following:
[HINT: Physical changes do not alter the chemical composition of the substances whereas
chemical changes produce new substances with different chemical compositions.]
(a) physical property—electrical conductivity does not affect the chemical state of copper
(b) physical property—viscosity is changed upon heating but it does not change the chemical
state of olive oil (or other liquids)
(c) physical property—density is one of the basic physical properties of substances
(d) chemical property—fermentation is a chemical process that changes sugar into alcohol
(e) physical property—color of a substance is also a basic physical property
(f) chemical property—burning (combustion) converts gasoline to carbon dioxide and water
substances that are different from gasoline
1.17. Determine if the change is a physical or chemical change for the following:
[HINT: Physical changes do not alter the chemical composition of the substances whereas
chemical changes produce new substances with different chemical compositions.]
© 2024 Cengage Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in
whole or in part.
4
