,Solution manual for Economics for Today, 11th
Edition Irvin B. Tucker
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
Instructor Manual
Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs
to Economics
Table of Contents
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter...................................................................................2
Cengage Supplements......................................................................................................................2
Key Terms...........................................................................................................................................2
What’s New in This Chapter.............................................................................................................3
Chapter Outline.................................................................................................................................3
Discussion Questions........................................................................................................................3
Additional Activities and Assignments............................................................................................4
Appendix ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Generic Rubrics.........................................................................................................................................7
Standard Writing Rubric...........................................................................................................................7
Standard Discussion Rubric.......................................................................................................................8
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter
The purpose of the Appendix to Chapter 01 is to examine how economic models and
principles can be expressed graphically. In economics, graphs are used as visual aids to
illustrate relationships between economic variables. If a relationship exists between two
variables, then the relationship can be either direct (also known as a positive relationship)
or inverse (also known as a negative relationship).
A direct relationship between two variables means that as one variable increases, this
causes the other variable to also increase in value, and vice versa. A direct relationship is
illustrated graphically as an upward sloping, or positively sloped line or curve.
An inverse relationship between two variables means that as one variable increases, this
causes the other variable to decrease in value, and vice versa. An inverse relationship is
illustrated graphically as a downward sloping, or negatively sloped line or curve.
An independent relationship means there is no relationship between two variables. When
one variable changes, the other remains unchanged.
A shift in a curve (or line) occurs when the ceteris paribus assumption is relaxed and a third
variable, not on either axis of the graph, is allowed to change.
Cengage Supplements
The following product-level supplements provide additional information that may help you
in preparing your course. They are available in the Instructor Resource Center.
PowerPoint Slides
Test Bank
[return to top]
Key Terms
Direct relationship: A positive association between two variables. When one variable
increases, the other variable increases, and when one variable decreases, the other
variable decreases.
Independent relationship: A zero association between two variables. When one variable
changes, the other variable remains unchanged.
Inverse relationship: A negative association between two variables. When one variable
increases, the other variable decreases, and vice versa.
Slope: The ratio of the change in the variable on the vertical axis (the rise or fall) to the
change in the variable on the horizontal axis (the run).
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
What’s New in This Chapter
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
The “Conclusion” statements of the previous edition have been replaced with “Take
Note” statements. These Take Note statements have been carefully designed and
updated to highlight key concepts and are strategically placed within the appendix
to this chapter to enhance pedagogy. Students will be able to use these to
remember key points when reviewing the appendix to this chapter and studying for
quizzes and tests. A summary of these Take Note statements is provided at the end
of the Appendix to Chapter 01.
[return to top]
Chapter Outline
1A-1 A Direct Relationship
Exhibit A-1 “A Direct Relationship between Variables”
1A-2 An Inverse Relationship
Exhibit A-2 “An Inverse Relationship between Variables”
1A-3 The Slope of a Straight Line
Exhibit A-3 “An Independent Relationship between Variables”
1A-4 A Three-Variable Relationship in One Graph
Exhibit A-4 “Changes in Price, Quantity, and Income in Two Dimensions”
1A-5 A Helpful Study Hint for Using Graphs
[return to top]
Discussion Questions
You can assign these questions several ways: in a discussion forum in your LMS; as whole-
class discussions in person; or as a partner or group activity in class.
1. What is the relationship between the annual sale of umbrellas and the annual amount
of rainfall received in inches? How would this relationship be graphed?
ANSWER: Direct relationship. The line or curve slopes upward (positive slope). The
variable “annual sale of umbrellas” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis)
because it is the dependent variable, while the variable “annual amount of rainfall
received in inches” would be placed on the horizontal (or “X” axis) because it is the
independent variable.
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
2. What is the relationship between a student's grade point average and the number of
hours spent studying per week? How would this relationship be graphed?
ANSWER: Direct relationship. The line or curve slopes upward (positive slope). The
variable “grade point average” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis) because
it is the dependent variable while the variable “hours spent studying per week” would
be placed on the horizontal (or “X” axis) because it is the independent variable.
3. What is the relationship between tuition and student enrollment at a university? How
would this relationship be graphed?
ANSWER: Inverse relationship. The line or curve slopes downward (negative slope). The
variable “student enrollment” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis) because
it is the dependent variable, while the variable "tuition" would be placed on the
horizontal (or “X” axis) because it is the independent variable.
[return to top]
Additional Activities and Assignments
I. Answers to even-numbered end-of-chapter Study Questions and Problems:
2. (a) There is an inverse relationship between the price per hamburger and the quantity
consumers will purchase at each alternative price.
(b) The numerical table is:
Price per Quantity of hamburgers
hamburger demanded per year
$4.00 20,000
3.00 40,000
2.00 60,000
1.00 80,000
(c) Most students will prefer the graphical model because of its clarity. See Figure 1A-1
below.
Figure 1A-1
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 4
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
II. “Analyze the Issue.” Here are some questions and suggested answers for further
analysis associated with the “A Closer Look” boxed features within this Chapter:
There are no “A Closer Look” boxed sections within the Appendix to Chapter 01.
III. CHAPTER 01 APPENDIX SUMMARY QUIZ. These are quiz questions not found in the
textbook or in the Test Bank:
1. A direct relationship exists when:
a. there is no association between two variables.
b. one variable increases and there is no change in the other variable.
c. one variable increases and the other variable increases.
d. one variable increases and the other variable decreases.
2. An inverse relationship exists when:
a. there is no association between two variables.
b. one variable increases and there is no change in the other variable.
c. one variable increases and the other variable increases.
d. one variable increases and the other variable decreases.
3. A direct relationship is expressed graphically as a:
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 5
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
a. positively sloped line or curve.
b. negatively sloped line or curve.
c. horizontal line.
d. vertical line.
4. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Slope is the ratio of the vertical change (the rise or fall) to the horizontal change (the
run).
b. A direct relationship is one in which two variables change in the same direction.
c. An inverse relationship is one in which two variables change in opposite directions.
d. An independent relationship is one in which two variables are unrelated.
e. All of the above.
ANSWERS TO APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 01 SUMMARY QUIZ
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. e
IV. CLASSROOM GAMES
Approximately 170 noncomputerized economic games (experiments) for use in the
classroom are available for free at http://www.marietta.edu/~delemeeg/games/. The
following games are recommended to help teach some of the concepts in this chapter:
There are no recommended games for this Appendix to Chapter 01.
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 6
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
Appendix
Generic Rubrics
Providing students with rubrics helps them understand expectations and components of
assignments. Rubrics help students become more aware of their learning process and
progress, and they improve students’ work through timely and detailed feedback.
Customize these rubric templates as you wish. The writing rubric indicates 40 points and
the discussion rubric indicates 30 points.
Standard Writing Rubric
Criteria Meets Requirements Needs Improvement Incomplete
Content The assignment clearly The assignment partially The assignment does not
and comprehensively addresses some or all address the questions in
addresses all questions questions in the the assignment.
in the assignment. assignment. 0 points
15 points 8 points
Organization and Clarity The assignment presents The assignment presents The assignment does not
ideas in a clear manner ideas in a mostly clear present ideas in a clear
and with strong manner and with a manner and with strong
organizational structure. mostly strong organizational structure.
The assignment includes organizational structure. The assignment includes
an appropriate The assignment includes an introduction, content,
introduction, content, an appropriate and conclusion, but
and conclusion. introduction, content, coverage of facts,
Coverage of facts, and conclusion. arguments, and
arguments, and Coverage of facts, conclusions are not
conclusions are logically arguments, and logically related and
related and consistent. conclusions are mostly consistent.
10 points logically related and 0 points
consistent.
7 points
Research The assignment is based The assignment is based The assignment is not
upon appropriate and upon adequate based upon appropriate
adequate academic academic literature but and adequate academic
literature, including peer- does not include peer- literature and does not
reviewed journals and reviewed journals and include peer-reviewed
other scholarly work. other scholarly work. journals and other
5 points 3 points scholarly work.
0 points
Research The assignment follows The assignment follows The assignment does not
the required citation some of the required follow the required
guidelines. citation guidelines. citation guidelines.
5 points 3 points 0 points
Grammar and Spelling The assignment has two The assignment has The assignment is
or fewer grammatical three to five grammatical incomplete or
and spelling errors. and spelling errors. unintelligible.
5 points 3 points 0 points
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 7
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
Standard Discussion Rubric
Criteria Meets Requirements Needs Improvement Incomplete
Participation Submits or participates Does not participate or Does not participate in
in discussion by the submit discussion by the discussion.
posted deadlines. posted deadlines. Does 0 points
Follows all assignment. not follow instructions
instructions for initial for initial post and
post and responses. responses.
5 points 3 points
Contribution Quality Comments stay on task. Comments may not stay Does not participate in
Comments add value to on task. Comments may discussion.
discussion topic. not add value to 0 points
Comments motivate discussion topic.
other students to Comments may not
respond. motivate other students
20 points to respond.
10 points
Etiquette Maintains appropriate Does not always Does not participate in
language. Offers maintain appropriate discussion.
criticism in a constructive language. Offers 0 points
manner. Provides both criticism in an offensive
positive and negative manner. Provides only
feedback. negative feedback.
5 points 3 points
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 8
website, in whole or in part.
Edition Irvin B. Tucker
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you 10 pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
Instructor Manual
Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs
to Economics
Table of Contents
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter...................................................................................2
Cengage Supplements......................................................................................................................2
Key Terms...........................................................................................................................................2
What’s New in This Chapter.............................................................................................................3
Chapter Outline.................................................................................................................................3
Discussion Questions........................................................................................................................3
Additional Activities and Assignments............................................................................................4
Appendix ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Generic Rubrics.........................................................................................................................................7
Standard Writing Rubric...........................................................................................................................7
Standard Discussion Rubric.......................................................................................................................8
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter
The purpose of the Appendix to Chapter 01 is to examine how economic models and
principles can be expressed graphically. In economics, graphs are used as visual aids to
illustrate relationships between economic variables. If a relationship exists between two
variables, then the relationship can be either direct (also known as a positive relationship)
or inverse (also known as a negative relationship).
A direct relationship between two variables means that as one variable increases, this
causes the other variable to also increase in value, and vice versa. A direct relationship is
illustrated graphically as an upward sloping, or positively sloped line or curve.
An inverse relationship between two variables means that as one variable increases, this
causes the other variable to decrease in value, and vice versa. An inverse relationship is
illustrated graphically as a downward sloping, or negatively sloped line or curve.
An independent relationship means there is no relationship between two variables. When
one variable changes, the other remains unchanged.
A shift in a curve (or line) occurs when the ceteris paribus assumption is relaxed and a third
variable, not on either axis of the graph, is allowed to change.
Cengage Supplements
The following product-level supplements provide additional information that may help you
in preparing your course. They are available in the Instructor Resource Center.
PowerPoint Slides
Test Bank
[return to top]
Key Terms
Direct relationship: A positive association between two variables. When one variable
increases, the other variable increases, and when one variable decreases, the other
variable decreases.
Independent relationship: A zero association between two variables. When one variable
changes, the other variable remains unchanged.
Inverse relationship: A negative association between two variables. When one variable
increases, the other variable decreases, and vice versa.
Slope: The ratio of the change in the variable on the vertical axis (the rise or fall) to the
change in the variable on the horizontal axis (the run).
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
What’s New in This Chapter
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
The “Conclusion” statements of the previous edition have been replaced with “Take
Note” statements. These Take Note statements have been carefully designed and
updated to highlight key concepts and are strategically placed within the appendix
to this chapter to enhance pedagogy. Students will be able to use these to
remember key points when reviewing the appendix to this chapter and studying for
quizzes and tests. A summary of these Take Note statements is provided at the end
of the Appendix to Chapter 01.
[return to top]
Chapter Outline
1A-1 A Direct Relationship
Exhibit A-1 “A Direct Relationship between Variables”
1A-2 An Inverse Relationship
Exhibit A-2 “An Inverse Relationship between Variables”
1A-3 The Slope of a Straight Line
Exhibit A-3 “An Independent Relationship between Variables”
1A-4 A Three-Variable Relationship in One Graph
Exhibit A-4 “Changes in Price, Quantity, and Income in Two Dimensions”
1A-5 A Helpful Study Hint for Using Graphs
[return to top]
Discussion Questions
You can assign these questions several ways: in a discussion forum in your LMS; as whole-
class discussions in person; or as a partner or group activity in class.
1. What is the relationship between the annual sale of umbrellas and the annual amount
of rainfall received in inches? How would this relationship be graphed?
ANSWER: Direct relationship. The line or curve slopes upward (positive slope). The
variable “annual sale of umbrellas” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis)
because it is the dependent variable, while the variable “annual amount of rainfall
received in inches” would be placed on the horizontal (or “X” axis) because it is the
independent variable.
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
2. What is the relationship between a student's grade point average and the number of
hours spent studying per week? How would this relationship be graphed?
ANSWER: Direct relationship. The line or curve slopes upward (positive slope). The
variable “grade point average” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis) because
it is the dependent variable while the variable “hours spent studying per week” would
be placed on the horizontal (or “X” axis) because it is the independent variable.
3. What is the relationship between tuition and student enrollment at a university? How
would this relationship be graphed?
ANSWER: Inverse relationship. The line or curve slopes downward (negative slope). The
variable “student enrollment” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis) because
it is the dependent variable, while the variable "tuition" would be placed on the
horizontal (or “X” axis) because it is the independent variable.
[return to top]
Additional Activities and Assignments
I. Answers to even-numbered end-of-chapter Study Questions and Problems:
2. (a) There is an inverse relationship between the price per hamburger and the quantity
consumers will purchase at each alternative price.
(b) The numerical table is:
Price per Quantity of hamburgers
hamburger demanded per year
$4.00 20,000
3.00 40,000
2.00 60,000
1.00 80,000
(c) Most students will prefer the graphical model because of its clarity. See Figure 1A-1
below.
Figure 1A-1
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 4
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
II. “Analyze the Issue.” Here are some questions and suggested answers for further
analysis associated with the “A Closer Look” boxed features within this Chapter:
There are no “A Closer Look” boxed sections within the Appendix to Chapter 01.
III. CHAPTER 01 APPENDIX SUMMARY QUIZ. These are quiz questions not found in the
textbook or in the Test Bank:
1. A direct relationship exists when:
a. there is no association between two variables.
b. one variable increases and there is no change in the other variable.
c. one variable increases and the other variable increases.
d. one variable increases and the other variable decreases.
2. An inverse relationship exists when:
a. there is no association between two variables.
b. one variable increases and there is no change in the other variable.
c. one variable increases and the other variable increases.
d. one variable increases and the other variable decreases.
3. A direct relationship is expressed graphically as a:
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 5
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
a. positively sloped line or curve.
b. negatively sloped line or curve.
c. horizontal line.
d. vertical line.
4. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Slope is the ratio of the vertical change (the rise or fall) to the horizontal change (the
run).
b. A direct relationship is one in which two variables change in the same direction.
c. An inverse relationship is one in which two variables change in opposite directions.
d. An independent relationship is one in which two variables are unrelated.
e. All of the above.
ANSWERS TO APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 01 SUMMARY QUIZ
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. e
IV. CLASSROOM GAMES
Approximately 170 noncomputerized economic games (experiments) for use in the
classroom are available for free at http://www.marietta.edu/~delemeeg/games/. The
following games are recommended to help teach some of the concepts in this chapter:
There are no recommended games for this Appendix to Chapter 01.
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 6
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
Appendix
Generic Rubrics
Providing students with rubrics helps them understand expectations and components of
assignments. Rubrics help students become more aware of their learning process and
progress, and they improve students’ work through timely and detailed feedback.
Customize these rubric templates as you wish. The writing rubric indicates 40 points and
the discussion rubric indicates 30 points.
Standard Writing Rubric
Criteria Meets Requirements Needs Improvement Incomplete
Content The assignment clearly The assignment partially The assignment does not
and comprehensively addresses some or all address the questions in
addresses all questions questions in the the assignment.
in the assignment. assignment. 0 points
15 points 8 points
Organization and Clarity The assignment presents The assignment presents The assignment does not
ideas in a clear manner ideas in a mostly clear present ideas in a clear
and with strong manner and with a manner and with strong
organizational structure. mostly strong organizational structure.
The assignment includes organizational structure. The assignment includes
an appropriate The assignment includes an introduction, content,
introduction, content, an appropriate and conclusion, but
and conclusion. introduction, content, coverage of facts,
Coverage of facts, and conclusion. arguments, and
arguments, and Coverage of facts, conclusions are not
conclusions are logically arguments, and logically related and
related and consistent. conclusions are mostly consistent.
10 points logically related and 0 points
consistent.
7 points
Research The assignment is based The assignment is based The assignment is not
upon appropriate and upon adequate based upon appropriate
adequate academic academic literature but and adequate academic
literature, including peer- does not include peer- literature and does not
reviewed journals and reviewed journals and include peer-reviewed
other scholarly work. other scholarly work. journals and other
5 points 3 points scholarly work.
0 points
Research The assignment follows The assignment follows The assignment does not
the required citation some of the required follow the required
guidelines. citation guidelines. citation guidelines.
5 points 3 points 0 points
Grammar and Spelling The assignment has two The assignment has The assignment is
or fewer grammatical three to five grammatical incomplete or
and spelling errors. and spelling errors. unintelligible.
5 points 3 points 0 points
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 7
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to
Economics
Standard Discussion Rubric
Criteria Meets Requirements Needs Improvement Incomplete
Participation Submits or participates Does not participate or Does not participate in
in discussion by the submit discussion by the discussion.
posted deadlines. posted deadlines. Does 0 points
Follows all assignment. not follow instructions
instructions for initial for initial post and
post and responses. responses.
5 points 3 points
Contribution Quality Comments stay on task. Comments may not stay Does not participate in
Comments add value to on task. Comments may discussion.
discussion topic. not add value to 0 points
Comments motivate discussion topic.
other students to Comments may not
respond. motivate other students
20 points to respond.
10 points
Etiquette Maintains appropriate Does not always Does not participate in
language. Offers maintain appropriate discussion.
criticism in a constructive language. Offers 0 points
manner. Provides both criticism in an offensive
positive and negative manner. Provides only
feedback. negative feedback.
5 points 3 points
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 8
website, in whole or in part.
