Anatomy and physiology
Plasma membrane - (correct Answer) - separates internal components from external environment
Nucleus - (correct Answer) - largest structure within the cell and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope,
contains genetic material.
Cytoplasm - (correct Answer) - all cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the
nucleus. Three main components of cytoplasm: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.
Membrane bound - (correct Answer) - endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Non membrane bound - (correct Answer) - ribosome, cytoskeleton, centromere, and proteasomes.
Explain the general functions that cells must perform. - (correct Answer) - Maintain integrity and shape,
obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks, and dispose of wastes.
List the lipid components of the plasma membrane - (correct Answer) - Phospholipids
Cholesterols
Glycolipids
Phospholipids - (correct Answer) - amphipathic molecules that ensure cytosol remains inside the cell and
interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cells) remains outside
Cholesterols - (correct Answer) - scattered within hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid membrane,
strengthens membrane and stabilizes it at extreme temperatures
Glycolipids - (correct Answer) - located on outer portion of cell membrane, helps to form the glycocalyx,
a sugar coating on the outside of cells
Name the six major roles played by membrane proteins. - (correct Answer) - Transport proteins- regulate
movement of substances across the membrane
Cell surface receptors- bind ligands which bind to macromolecules
Identity markers- communicate to other cells that they belong to the body
Enzymes- catalyzes reactions
Anchoring sites- secure the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane
Cell-adhesion proteins- used for cell-to-cell attachments
Simple diffusion - (correct Answer) - does not require energy, solutes that are small and nonpolar cross
the membrane by diffusion from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Facilitated diffusion - (correct Answer) - (channel mediated or carrier mediated)- small solutes that are
, charged or polar use facilitated diffusion, does not require energy
Describe the relationship of osmosis and tonicity. - (correct Answer) - Osmosis is the movement of water
across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration. Tonicity is the ability of a solution to
change the volume or pressure of the cell by osmosis. Isotonic- equal concentration inside and out,
hypotonic- higher concentration outside (water moves in, cell swell), hypertonic- higher concentration
inside (water leaves, cell shrinks)
Primary active transport - (correct Answer) - uses energy from the breakdown of ATP, P from ATP
attaches to pump, changing its shape to allow movement of particles across the membrane; example-
sodium potassium pump
Secondary active transport - (correct Answer) - moves a substance against the concentration gradient
while moving a different molecule down its gradient. Symport- the two substances move in the same
direction, antiport- the two substances move in opposite directions
Explain the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis - (correct Answer) - Exocytosis moves
substances out of the cell while endocytosis moves substances into the cell.
Phagocytosis - (correct Answer) - occurs when membrane extensions called pseudopodia engulf a
relatively large particle and internalize it into a vesicle.
Pinocytosis - (correct Answer) - the incorporation of numerous droplets of interstitial fluid into the cell in
small vesicles.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis - (correct Answer) - occurs when specific molecules bind to receptors in
the plasma membrane.
Explain how cells communicate through direct contact. - (correct Answer) - Immune system cells come
into contact with all other cells and analyze the pattern of the glycocalyx. If it does not match the pattern
on the rest of the cells it is destroyed.
Sperm and oocyte during fertilization.
Cells begin to divide to heal a cut.
list the three general mechanisms of response to the binding of a ligand with a receptor. - (correct
Answer) - -Channel-linked receptors (chemically gated channels)
-Enzymatic receptors
-G protein-coupled receptors
Channel-linked receptors (chemically gated channels) - (correct Answer) - permit ion passage either into
or out of the cell in a response to a ligand binding.
Enzymatic receptors - (correct Answer) - function as protein kinase enzymes and are activated to directly
phosphorylate other enzymes in the cell.
G protein-coupled receptors - (correct Answer) - also involve protein kinase activation, protein kinase is
activated indirectly through G protein
Plasma membrane - (correct Answer) - separates internal components from external environment
Nucleus - (correct Answer) - largest structure within the cell and is enclosed by a nuclear envelope,
contains genetic material.
Cytoplasm - (correct Answer) - all cellular contents located between the plasma membrane and the
nucleus. Three main components of cytoplasm: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions.
Membrane bound - (correct Answer) - endoplasmic reticulum (smooth and rough), golgi apparatus,
lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria.
Non membrane bound - (correct Answer) - ribosome, cytoskeleton, centromere, and proteasomes.
Explain the general functions that cells must perform. - (correct Answer) - Maintain integrity and shape,
obtain nutrients and form chemical building blocks, and dispose of wastes.
List the lipid components of the plasma membrane - (correct Answer) - Phospholipids
Cholesterols
Glycolipids
Phospholipids - (correct Answer) - amphipathic molecules that ensure cytosol remains inside the cell and
interstitial fluid (fluid surrounding cells) remains outside
Cholesterols - (correct Answer) - scattered within hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid membrane,
strengthens membrane and stabilizes it at extreme temperatures
Glycolipids - (correct Answer) - located on outer portion of cell membrane, helps to form the glycocalyx,
a sugar coating on the outside of cells
Name the six major roles played by membrane proteins. - (correct Answer) - Transport proteins- regulate
movement of substances across the membrane
Cell surface receptors- bind ligands which bind to macromolecules
Identity markers- communicate to other cells that they belong to the body
Enzymes- catalyzes reactions
Anchoring sites- secure the cytoskeleton to the plasma membrane
Cell-adhesion proteins- used for cell-to-cell attachments
Simple diffusion - (correct Answer) - does not require energy, solutes that are small and nonpolar cross
the membrane by diffusion from an area of high concentration to low concentration
Facilitated diffusion - (correct Answer) - (channel mediated or carrier mediated)- small solutes that are
, charged or polar use facilitated diffusion, does not require energy
Describe the relationship of osmosis and tonicity. - (correct Answer) - Osmosis is the movement of water
across a membrane from high concentration to low concentration. Tonicity is the ability of a solution to
change the volume or pressure of the cell by osmosis. Isotonic- equal concentration inside and out,
hypotonic- higher concentration outside (water moves in, cell swell), hypertonic- higher concentration
inside (water leaves, cell shrinks)
Primary active transport - (correct Answer) - uses energy from the breakdown of ATP, P from ATP
attaches to pump, changing its shape to allow movement of particles across the membrane; example-
sodium potassium pump
Secondary active transport - (correct Answer) - moves a substance against the concentration gradient
while moving a different molecule down its gradient. Symport- the two substances move in the same
direction, antiport- the two substances move in opposite directions
Explain the difference between exocytosis and endocytosis - (correct Answer) - Exocytosis moves
substances out of the cell while endocytosis moves substances into the cell.
Phagocytosis - (correct Answer) - occurs when membrane extensions called pseudopodia engulf a
relatively large particle and internalize it into a vesicle.
Pinocytosis - (correct Answer) - the incorporation of numerous droplets of interstitial fluid into the cell in
small vesicles.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis - (correct Answer) - occurs when specific molecules bind to receptors in
the plasma membrane.
Explain how cells communicate through direct contact. - (correct Answer) - Immune system cells come
into contact with all other cells and analyze the pattern of the glycocalyx. If it does not match the pattern
on the rest of the cells it is destroyed.
Sperm and oocyte during fertilization.
Cells begin to divide to heal a cut.
list the three general mechanisms of response to the binding of a ligand with a receptor. - (correct
Answer) - -Channel-linked receptors (chemically gated channels)
-Enzymatic receptors
-G protein-coupled receptors
Channel-linked receptors (chemically gated channels) - (correct Answer) - permit ion passage either into
or out of the cell in a response to a ligand binding.
Enzymatic receptors - (correct Answer) - function as protein kinase enzymes and are activated to directly
phosphorylate other enzymes in the cell.
G protein-coupled receptors - (correct Answer) - also involve protein kinase activation, protein kinase is
activated indirectly through G protein
