or merely using CSR as a marketing strategy to enhance their public image. From a legal
perspective, businesses may be required to comply with environmental laws, labor laws, and fair-
trade regulations, but these legal frameworks often do not fully address the broader social
responsibility that companies should uphold.#### 3.2 **Employee Rights and Workplace
Discrimination**Ethical and legal issues surrounding employee rights include matters like equal
pay, non-discrimination, workplace harassment, and labor rights. Ethical concerns include
whether companies are doing enough to ensure fairness and equal treatment for all employees,
especially in light of issues such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and disability rights.
Legally, there are numerous frameworks and protections in place, such as anti-discrimination
laws, but the challenge remains ensuring that these legal provisions are enforced and that
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Introduction
PE is defined as education through movement.
This is a phase of general education system that aims through physical activities/experiences such as games, dances,
athletics gymnastics etc. to the growth and development of an individual.
Domains of physical education
1. There are three domains of learning in PE
Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor
Cognitive
Acquisition of knowledge through mastery of teaching points.
Effects of cognitive
1 creates awareness, understanding, appreciation, interests
Affective
These are changes that occur within the individual
Effects
It changes personality, attitude, values, discipline behavior etc
Psychomotor
Ability to perform and reproduce results
Effects
One is able to execute skills in coordination, speed, accuracy and other physical fitness abilities
Scope of PE
THIS DEALS WITH THE BREADTH OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Physical fitness
It deals two categories of physical fitness components .namely;
A] Health related/gross fitness components
They include;
1. muscular endurance ;capacity of a muscle or a group of muscles to maintain or repeat a
movement/contractions for a period of time without getting undue fatigue
2. Muscular strength; amount of force/tension exerted by a muscle or a group muscles against a resistance in
one sub-maximal contraction/effort.
3. flexibility; range of motion in a joint or a group joints
4. cardio-respiratory/cardio-vascular endurance; [aerobic fitness]ability to maintain moderate level of
activity using large muscles of the body
5. body composition; ratio of fat to lean body mass .i.e fat tissue : bones +muscles
B] Skill related/fine fitness components
They include;
1. agility; ability to change [rapidly] direction or weight distribution
, 2. speed; ability to move as fast as possible i.e. cover a distance within the shortest time possible
3. balance; ability to move about or remain still without swaying ,stumbling or falling over
4. reaction time; ability to select and decide quickly on a physical stimuli or the ability to initiate a physical
response to a stimuli in the shortest time possible
5. Body co-ordination; ability to perform a series/sequence or a range of movements accurately,
rhythmically and the appropriate timing.
Performance/skill/fine motor components are associated with quality /better physical performance.
2 sports psychology
This is the scientific study of mental and behavioral functioning of a sportsperson handles such aspects of
psychology as;
I. personality
II. emotionality
III. motivation
IV. intelligence
V. aggression
VI. anxiety
VII. frustration
VIII. stress
IX. coaching etc
or merely using CSR as a marketing strategy to enhance their public image. From a legal perspective, businesses
may be required to comply with environmental laws, labor laws, and fair-trade regulations, but these legal
frameworks often do not fully address the broader social responsibility that companies should uphold.#### 3.2
**Employee Rights and Workplace Discrimination**Ethical and legal issues surrounding employee rights include
matters like equal pay, non-discrimination, workplace harassment, and labor rights. Ethical concerns include
whether companies are doing enough to ensure fairness and equal treatment for all employees, especially in light of
issues such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and disability rights. Legally, there are numerous
frameworks and protections in place, such as anti-discrimination laws, but the challenge remains ensuring that these
legal provisions are enforced and that
3 sociology of sports
Study of sports as a social and cultural phenomenon
Deals with human social behavior in sports situations
4 biomechanics
Study of various forces that act on the human body and their effects on performance it concerns scientific study
of movement
Helps in determining the sports techniques/styles/ tactics that are applied in execution of various body
movements
5 exercise physiology
Scientific study of the effects of exercise on various body parts
6 physical training
It‟s the use of physical exercise in preparation to participate in a specific sport or game .its variables include;
Frequency
Duration
Intensity
Time span/period of training
7 sports medicine
This is the medical relationship between physical activities, sports and games and the human body. It deals with
factors that affect human body and performance i.e
Drugs
Growth and development
Environment
Inheritance/genetics
, 8 Sports injuries
Deals with the knowledge, identification treatment and prevention of sports injuries
9 First aid
10 Sports nutrition
Quality of a good P.E Teacher
Should posses the following components of physical fitness:-
- Endurance
- Speed
- Flexibility
- Strength
- Ability
- Co-ordination
- Power
- Reaction time
- Balance
Should be knowledgeable with the subject.
Should be cheerful
Should be confident.
Should be sympathetic.
Should be understanding
Should have good communication skills.
Should be approachable.
Should be organized.
or merely using CSR as a marketing strategy to enhance their public image. From a legal perspective, businesses
may be required to comply with environmental laws, labor laws, and fair-trade regulations, but these legal
frameworks often do not fully address the broader social responsibility that companies should uphold.#### 3.2
**Employee Rights and Workplace Discrimination**Ethical and legal issues surrounding employee rights include
matters like equal pay, non-discrimination, workplace harassment, and labor rights. Ethical concerns include
whether companies are doing enough to ensure fairness and equal treatment for all employees, especially in light of
issues such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and disability rights. Legally, there are numerous
frameworks and protections in place, such as anti-discrimination laws, but the challenge remains ensuring that these
legal provisions are enforced and that
Duties/responsibilities of a P.E. Teacher
- Instructor - Team Manager
- Counselor –Demonstrator
- Dietician – Administrator
- Coach - First Aider
- Trainer Referee/umpire
- Evaluator –Disciplinarian
Problems encountered when teaching P.E.
1. Lack of role models
2. Lack of resource materials e.g .text books
3. Lack of proper facilities e.g. playing fields, courts, gymnasiums
4. Lack of equipments e.g. balls
5. Lack of proper game uniforms.
6. Competition from other examinable subjects
7. Negative attitude by pupils, fellow teachers and parents.
8. Conflict with religion.
9. Conflict with traditions and cultural beliefs.
, Sources of information to a P.E teacher.
Reading from newspaper, books and other sports journals.
Listening to radio programs.
Viewing T.V and video cassettes.
Officiating in sports.
Active participation in sports.
Coaching and training.
Active and intellectual spectating.
Participating in sports, debates or lectures.
Purpose/role of P.E to the early/ancient man
Physical fitness to enable them during hunting and gathering.
Recreation/entertainment/enjoyment.
Survival through gathering and hunting expeditions.
Defense mechanism against wild animals and enemies.
Settling disputes among clans.
Choosing for marriage partners.
Communication {messengers}
Specific objectives/purpose P.E to the nation
>To develop interpersonal and social skills through PE
>To appreciate participate in and develop both national and international sports and dance for preservation of own
and other cultures.
>To improvise and use a variety of equipment and facilities
>To develop physical and neuromuscular skills
>To develop positive attitude towards PE and sports as a career
>To develop skilful and efficient movements through physical and mental coordination
>To use movement as a medium of expression
>To appreciate and enjoy movement for its own sake with or without apparatus
>To create and develop movement skills and patterns
>To identify, nurture and develop individual talents in specific sports
>To develop interpersonal and social skills through physical activities
>To develop self discipline through the understanding and appreciation of rules and regulations in games and sports
>To create desire for the development of a variety of skills for recreational values and positive use leisure time
>To explore and appreciate the environment
>To develop awareness of safety skills and preventive measures in different situations to pursue physical activity
health, fitness and general body growth and development
or merely using CSR as a marketing strategy to enhance their public image. From a legal perspective, businesses
may be required to comply with environmental laws, labor laws, and fair-trade regulations, but these legal
frameworks often do not fully address the broader social responsibility that companies should uphold.#### 3.2
**Employee Rights and Workplace Discrimination**Ethical and legal issues surrounding employee rights include
matters like equal pay, non-discrimination, workplace harassment, and labor rights. Ethical concerns include
whether companies are doing enough to ensure fairness and equal treatment for all employees, especially in light of
issues such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and disability rights. Legally, there are numerous
frameworks and protections in place, such as anti-discrimination laws, but the challenge remains ensuring that these
legal provisions are enforced and that
How P.E tries to meet national goals of education
1. National unity
(a) Through national sporting competition
(b) P.E curriculum in schools, colleges and universities is the same.
(c) Use of national anthem during opening and closing ceremonies of sports and games.
2. National development
(a) P.E provides job opportunities.
(b) Income through cash rewards, trophies acquired by players.
perspective, businesses may be required to comply with environmental laws, labor laws, and fair-
trade regulations, but these legal frameworks often do not fully address the broader social
responsibility that companies should uphold.#### 3.2 **Employee Rights and Workplace
Discrimination**Ethical and legal issues surrounding employee rights include matters like equal
pay, non-discrimination, workplace harassment, and labor rights. Ethical concerns include
whether companies are doing enough to ensure fairness and equal treatment for all employees,
especially in light of issues such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and disability rights.
Legally, there are numerous frameworks and protections in place, such as anti-discrimination
laws, but the challenge remains ensuring that these legal provisions are enforced and that
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Introduction
PE is defined as education through movement.
This is a phase of general education system that aims through physical activities/experiences such as games, dances,
athletics gymnastics etc. to the growth and development of an individual.
Domains of physical education
1. There are three domains of learning in PE
Cognitive
Affective
Psychomotor
Cognitive
Acquisition of knowledge through mastery of teaching points.
Effects of cognitive
1 creates awareness, understanding, appreciation, interests
Affective
These are changes that occur within the individual
Effects
It changes personality, attitude, values, discipline behavior etc
Psychomotor
Ability to perform and reproduce results
Effects
One is able to execute skills in coordination, speed, accuracy and other physical fitness abilities
Scope of PE
THIS DEALS WITH THE BREADTH OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Physical fitness
It deals two categories of physical fitness components .namely;
A] Health related/gross fitness components
They include;
1. muscular endurance ;capacity of a muscle or a group of muscles to maintain or repeat a
movement/contractions for a period of time without getting undue fatigue
2. Muscular strength; amount of force/tension exerted by a muscle or a group muscles against a resistance in
one sub-maximal contraction/effort.
3. flexibility; range of motion in a joint or a group joints
4. cardio-respiratory/cardio-vascular endurance; [aerobic fitness]ability to maintain moderate level of
activity using large muscles of the body
5. body composition; ratio of fat to lean body mass .i.e fat tissue : bones +muscles
B] Skill related/fine fitness components
They include;
1. agility; ability to change [rapidly] direction or weight distribution
, 2. speed; ability to move as fast as possible i.e. cover a distance within the shortest time possible
3. balance; ability to move about or remain still without swaying ,stumbling or falling over
4. reaction time; ability to select and decide quickly on a physical stimuli or the ability to initiate a physical
response to a stimuli in the shortest time possible
5. Body co-ordination; ability to perform a series/sequence or a range of movements accurately,
rhythmically and the appropriate timing.
Performance/skill/fine motor components are associated with quality /better physical performance.
2 sports psychology
This is the scientific study of mental and behavioral functioning of a sportsperson handles such aspects of
psychology as;
I. personality
II. emotionality
III. motivation
IV. intelligence
V. aggression
VI. anxiety
VII. frustration
VIII. stress
IX. coaching etc
or merely using CSR as a marketing strategy to enhance their public image. From a legal perspective, businesses
may be required to comply with environmental laws, labor laws, and fair-trade regulations, but these legal
frameworks often do not fully address the broader social responsibility that companies should uphold.#### 3.2
**Employee Rights and Workplace Discrimination**Ethical and legal issues surrounding employee rights include
matters like equal pay, non-discrimination, workplace harassment, and labor rights. Ethical concerns include
whether companies are doing enough to ensure fairness and equal treatment for all employees, especially in light of
issues such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and disability rights. Legally, there are numerous
frameworks and protections in place, such as anti-discrimination laws, but the challenge remains ensuring that these
legal provisions are enforced and that
3 sociology of sports
Study of sports as a social and cultural phenomenon
Deals with human social behavior in sports situations
4 biomechanics
Study of various forces that act on the human body and their effects on performance it concerns scientific study
of movement
Helps in determining the sports techniques/styles/ tactics that are applied in execution of various body
movements
5 exercise physiology
Scientific study of the effects of exercise on various body parts
6 physical training
It‟s the use of physical exercise in preparation to participate in a specific sport or game .its variables include;
Frequency
Duration
Intensity
Time span/period of training
7 sports medicine
This is the medical relationship between physical activities, sports and games and the human body. It deals with
factors that affect human body and performance i.e
Drugs
Growth and development
Environment
Inheritance/genetics
, 8 Sports injuries
Deals with the knowledge, identification treatment and prevention of sports injuries
9 First aid
10 Sports nutrition
Quality of a good P.E Teacher
Should posses the following components of physical fitness:-
- Endurance
- Speed
- Flexibility
- Strength
- Ability
- Co-ordination
- Power
- Reaction time
- Balance
Should be knowledgeable with the subject.
Should be cheerful
Should be confident.
Should be sympathetic.
Should be understanding
Should have good communication skills.
Should be approachable.
Should be organized.
or merely using CSR as a marketing strategy to enhance their public image. From a legal perspective, businesses
may be required to comply with environmental laws, labor laws, and fair-trade regulations, but these legal
frameworks often do not fully address the broader social responsibility that companies should uphold.#### 3.2
**Employee Rights and Workplace Discrimination**Ethical and legal issues surrounding employee rights include
matters like equal pay, non-discrimination, workplace harassment, and labor rights. Ethical concerns include
whether companies are doing enough to ensure fairness and equal treatment for all employees, especially in light of
issues such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and disability rights. Legally, there are numerous
frameworks and protections in place, such as anti-discrimination laws, but the challenge remains ensuring that these
legal provisions are enforced and that
Duties/responsibilities of a P.E. Teacher
- Instructor - Team Manager
- Counselor –Demonstrator
- Dietician – Administrator
- Coach - First Aider
- Trainer Referee/umpire
- Evaluator –Disciplinarian
Problems encountered when teaching P.E.
1. Lack of role models
2. Lack of resource materials e.g .text books
3. Lack of proper facilities e.g. playing fields, courts, gymnasiums
4. Lack of equipments e.g. balls
5. Lack of proper game uniforms.
6. Competition from other examinable subjects
7. Negative attitude by pupils, fellow teachers and parents.
8. Conflict with religion.
9. Conflict with traditions and cultural beliefs.
, Sources of information to a P.E teacher.
Reading from newspaper, books and other sports journals.
Listening to radio programs.
Viewing T.V and video cassettes.
Officiating in sports.
Active participation in sports.
Coaching and training.
Active and intellectual spectating.
Participating in sports, debates or lectures.
Purpose/role of P.E to the early/ancient man
Physical fitness to enable them during hunting and gathering.
Recreation/entertainment/enjoyment.
Survival through gathering and hunting expeditions.
Defense mechanism against wild animals and enemies.
Settling disputes among clans.
Choosing for marriage partners.
Communication {messengers}
Specific objectives/purpose P.E to the nation
>To develop interpersonal and social skills through PE
>To appreciate participate in and develop both national and international sports and dance for preservation of own
and other cultures.
>To improvise and use a variety of equipment and facilities
>To develop physical and neuromuscular skills
>To develop positive attitude towards PE and sports as a career
>To develop skilful and efficient movements through physical and mental coordination
>To use movement as a medium of expression
>To appreciate and enjoy movement for its own sake with or without apparatus
>To create and develop movement skills and patterns
>To identify, nurture and develop individual talents in specific sports
>To develop interpersonal and social skills through physical activities
>To develop self discipline through the understanding and appreciation of rules and regulations in games and sports
>To create desire for the development of a variety of skills for recreational values and positive use leisure time
>To explore and appreciate the environment
>To develop awareness of safety skills and preventive measures in different situations to pursue physical activity
health, fitness and general body growth and development
or merely using CSR as a marketing strategy to enhance their public image. From a legal perspective, businesses
may be required to comply with environmental laws, labor laws, and fair-trade regulations, but these legal
frameworks often do not fully address the broader social responsibility that companies should uphold.#### 3.2
**Employee Rights and Workplace Discrimination**Ethical and legal issues surrounding employee rights include
matters like equal pay, non-discrimination, workplace harassment, and labor rights. Ethical concerns include
whether companies are doing enough to ensure fairness and equal treatment for all employees, especially in light of
issues such as racial discrimination, gender inequality, and disability rights. Legally, there are numerous
frameworks and protections in place, such as anti-discrimination laws, but the challenge remains ensuring that these
legal provisions are enforced and that
How P.E tries to meet national goals of education
1. National unity
(a) Through national sporting competition
(b) P.E curriculum in schools, colleges and universities is the same.
(c) Use of national anthem during opening and closing ceremonies of sports and games.
2. National development
(a) P.E provides job opportunities.
(b) Income through cash rewards, trophies acquired by players.
