NUR-631 FINAL EXAM
NUR-631 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2025/2026 GRADED A +
GUARANTEED PASS (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES) ACE YOUR EXAM
Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be demonstrated in
an 85-year-old individual?
a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
b. Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain
c. Hematuria and flank pain
d. Pyuria, urgency, and frequency - ANSWER-a. Confusion and poorly localized
abdominal discomfort
Exp: Older adults with cystitis may demonstrate confusion or vague abdominal
discomfort or otherwise be asymptomatic. page 1351
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
a. Bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Viruses
d. Parasite - ANSWER-a. Bacteria
Exp: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, Proteus, or
Pseudomonas. pages 1351-52
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, NUR-631 FINAL EXAM
A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell casts and
proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/ day with albumin as the major protein. These data
suggest the presence of which disorder?
a. Cystitis
b. Chronic pyelonephritis
c. Glomerulonephritis
d. Nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER-c. Glomerulonephritis
Exp: The data suggest the patient has the disorder known as glomerulonephritis.
Two major changes distinctive of more severe glomerulonephritis are (1)
hematuria with red blood cell casts and (2) proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/ day with
albumin as the major protein. These symptoms do not support the diagnosis of
the other options. page 1357
How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute
renal failure?
a. Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium resulting in
more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.
b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
c. Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried
into the cell.
d. Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the
cell in exchange for hydrogen - ANSWER-b. When insulin transports glucose into
the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
2|Page
, NUR-631 FINAL EXAM
Exp: This selection is the only option that accurately describes glucose metabolism
causing potassium to move to the intracellular fluid; insulin infusions therefore
can be effective in shifting potassium from the extracellular to intracellular space,
along with the transport of glucose. page 1363
________ is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal
failure
a. Intrinsic factor
b. Vitamin B12
c. Vitamin D
d. Erythropoietin - ANSWER-d. Erythropoietin
In glomerulonephritis, what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria?
(Select all that apply)
a. Ischemia
b. Lysosomal enzymes
c. Compression from edema
d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability - ANSWER-d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability
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, NUR-631 FINAL EXAM
Exp: Activated complement, inflammatory cytokines, oxidants, proteases, and
growth factors attack epithelial cells, alter membrane permeability, and cause
proteinuria. None of the other options are responsible for this process. page
1353-1357
Prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from which condition? (Select all
that apply.)
a. Bilateral ureteral obstruction
b. Renal vasoconstriction
c. Renal artery thrombosis
d. Hemorrhage
e. Hypotension - ANSWER-b. Renal vasoconstriction
c. Renal artery thrombosis
d. Hemorrhage
e. Hypotension
Exp: Poor perfusion can result from renal artery thrombosis, hypotension related
to hypovolemia (dehydration, diarrhea, fluid shifts) or hemorrhage, renal
vasoconstriction and alterations in renal regional blood flow, microthrombi, or
kidney edema that restricts arterial blood flow. Bilateral ureteral obstruction is not
associated with prerenal injuries. page 1360.
What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
a. Lysosomal enzymes
4|Page
NUR-631 FINAL EXAM LATEST 2025/2026 GRADED A +
GUARANTEED PASS (QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH
RATIONALES) ACE YOUR EXAM
Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be demonstrated in
an 85-year-old individual?
a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort
b. Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain
c. Hematuria and flank pain
d. Pyuria, urgency, and frequency - ANSWER-a. Confusion and poorly localized
abdominal discomfort
Exp: Older adults with cystitis may demonstrate confusion or vague abdominal
discomfort or otherwise be asymptomatic. page 1351
Pyelonephritis is usually caused by which type of organism?
a. Bacteria
b. Fungi
c. Viruses
d. Parasite - ANSWER-a. Bacteria
Exp: Pyelonephritis is usually caused by the bacteria Escherichia coli, Proteus, or
Pseudomonas. pages 1351-52
1|Page
, NUR-631 FINAL EXAM
A patient exhibits symptoms including hematuria with red blood cell casts and
proteinuria exceeding 3 to 5 g/ day with albumin as the major protein. These data
suggest the presence of which disorder?
a. Cystitis
b. Chronic pyelonephritis
c. Glomerulonephritis
d. Nephrotic syndrome - ANSWER-c. Glomerulonephritis
Exp: The data suggest the patient has the disorder known as glomerulonephritis.
Two major changes distinctive of more severe glomerulonephritis are (1)
hematuria with red blood cell casts and (2) proteinuria exceeding 3-5 g/ day with
albumin as the major protein. These symptoms do not support the diagnosis of
the other options. page 1357
How are glucose and insulin used to treat hyperkalemia associated with acute
renal failure?
a. Glucose has an osmotic effect, which attracts water and sodium resulting in
more dilute blood and a lower potassium concentration.
b. When insulin transports glucose into the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
c. Potassium attaches to receptors on the cell membrane of glucose and is carried
into the cell.
d. Increasing insulin causes ketoacidosis, which causes potassium to move into the
cell in exchange for hydrogen - ANSWER-b. When insulin transports glucose into
the cell, it also carries potassium with it.
2|Page
, NUR-631 FINAL EXAM
Exp: This selection is the only option that accurately describes glucose metabolism
causing potassium to move to the intracellular fluid; insulin infusions therefore
can be effective in shifting potassium from the extracellular to intracellular space,
along with the transport of glucose. page 1363
________ is used to correct the chronic anemia associated with chronic renal
failure
a. Intrinsic factor
b. Vitamin B12
c. Vitamin D
d. Erythropoietin - ANSWER-d. Erythropoietin
In glomerulonephritis, what damages the epithelial cells resulting in proteinuria?
(Select all that apply)
a. Ischemia
b. Lysosomal enzymes
c. Compression from edema
d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability - ANSWER-d. Activated complement
e. Altered membrane permeability
3|Page
, NUR-631 FINAL EXAM
Exp: Activated complement, inflammatory cytokines, oxidants, proteases, and
growth factors attack epithelial cells, alter membrane permeability, and cause
proteinuria. None of the other options are responsible for this process. page
1353-1357
Prerenal injury from poor perfusion can result from which condition? (Select all
that apply.)
a. Bilateral ureteral obstruction
b. Renal vasoconstriction
c. Renal artery thrombosis
d. Hemorrhage
e. Hypotension - ANSWER-b. Renal vasoconstriction
c. Renal artery thrombosis
d. Hemorrhage
e. Hypotension
Exp: Poor perfusion can result from renal artery thrombosis, hypotension related
to hypovolemia (dehydration, diarrhea, fluid shifts) or hemorrhage, renal
vasoconstriction and alterations in renal regional blood flow, microthrombi, or
kidney edema that restricts arterial blood flow. Bilateral ureteral obstruction is not
associated with prerenal injuries. page 1360.
What initiates inflammation in acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?
a. Lysosomal enzymes
4|Page
