ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I FINAL EXAM
WITH CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS
LATEST ALREADY GRADED A+ 2025 - 2026
Stratum basale - ANSWERS-the basal (bottom) layer, deepest layer attached
to dermis, row of keratinocytes, 10-25% melanocytes
Stratum granulosum - ANSWERS-the grainy layer, 3-5 layers, water-proofing,
all cells above layer are dead, where keratinization begins
Stratum spinosum - ANSWERS-the spiny layer, 8-10 layers, strength and
flexibility, keratin filaments
Stratum lucidum - ANSWERS-the lucid (clear) layer, clear, dead band of 3-5
layers, present in only thick skin (hands and feet)
Stratum corneum - ANSWERS-the horned layer, 25-30 layers, protection,
waterproof, dandruff
ABCD Rule for Skin Cancer - ANSWERS-A = Assymetry (two sides don't match)
,B = Border irregularity (not smooth)
C = Color (several colors)
D = Diameter (larger than 6 mm)
First degree burns - ANSWERS-epidermis is damaged, heals in 2-3 days, ex.
sunburn
Second degree burns - ANSWERS-upper dermis is damaged, heals in 3-4
weeks, blisters
Third degree burns - ANSWERS-entire skin is burnt, skin graphs, not initially
painful
Cyanosis - ANSWERS-blue or purpleish coloration of skin, lack of oxygen
Erythema - ANSWERS-redness of the skin, caused by superficial capillaries
Jaundice - ANSWERS-yellow tent to skin, excess amount of bilirubin
Negative feedback; ex - ANSWERS-physiological response in the opposite
direction of the initial stimulus; ex. thermostat
Positive feedback; ex - ANSWERS-output exaggerates the responses; graphs
goes up; ex. bold clotting
Anatomical position - ANSWERS-erect spine, arms supinated, knees together,
feet laterally rotated
,Sagittal plane - ANSWERS-divided down the middle of the body, two
symmetrically halves, closer to middle of body = medial, further away from to
middle of body = lateral, in the middle of body = intermediate
Frontal plane - ANSWERS-divides body into front and back halves, front of
body = anterior, back of body = posterior, (in animals) back side = dorsal,
stomach side = ventral
Anatomy - ANSWERS-The study of the *structure of the body*
Physiology - ANSWERS-The *function of the body*
Levels of Organization - ANSWERS-Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ
System, Organism
*must be in the right order, smallest to largest*
Functions/processes that distinguish living from nonliving - ANSWERS-
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism,
excretion, reproduction, growth & development
Needs to maintain life - ANSWERS-Nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate
temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis;what two systems are most important for this - ANSWERS-the
ability to maintain a stable internal environment; nervous & endocrine
, Transverse plane - ANSWERS-divides body at the waist, above the waist =
superior, below the waist = inferior, (in animals) closer to head = cranial,
closer to tail = caudal
superior - ANSWERS-above
inferior - ANSWERS-below
anterior - ANSWERS-front
posterior - ANSWERS-back
Proximal - ANSWERS-closer to origin
Distal - ANSWERS-closer to end
Superficial - ANSWERS-closer to surface of body
Deep - ANSWERS-further from surface of body
Medial - ANSWERS-closer to middle of body
Lateral - ANSWERS-further from middle of body
Two main body cavities - ANSWERS-dorsal & ventral
WITH CORRECT ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
CORRECTLY WELL DEFINED ANSWERS
LATEST ALREADY GRADED A+ 2025 - 2026
Stratum basale - ANSWERS-the basal (bottom) layer, deepest layer attached
to dermis, row of keratinocytes, 10-25% melanocytes
Stratum granulosum - ANSWERS-the grainy layer, 3-5 layers, water-proofing,
all cells above layer are dead, where keratinization begins
Stratum spinosum - ANSWERS-the spiny layer, 8-10 layers, strength and
flexibility, keratin filaments
Stratum lucidum - ANSWERS-the lucid (clear) layer, clear, dead band of 3-5
layers, present in only thick skin (hands and feet)
Stratum corneum - ANSWERS-the horned layer, 25-30 layers, protection,
waterproof, dandruff
ABCD Rule for Skin Cancer - ANSWERS-A = Assymetry (two sides don't match)
,B = Border irregularity (not smooth)
C = Color (several colors)
D = Diameter (larger than 6 mm)
First degree burns - ANSWERS-epidermis is damaged, heals in 2-3 days, ex.
sunburn
Second degree burns - ANSWERS-upper dermis is damaged, heals in 3-4
weeks, blisters
Third degree burns - ANSWERS-entire skin is burnt, skin graphs, not initially
painful
Cyanosis - ANSWERS-blue or purpleish coloration of skin, lack of oxygen
Erythema - ANSWERS-redness of the skin, caused by superficial capillaries
Jaundice - ANSWERS-yellow tent to skin, excess amount of bilirubin
Negative feedback; ex - ANSWERS-physiological response in the opposite
direction of the initial stimulus; ex. thermostat
Positive feedback; ex - ANSWERS-output exaggerates the responses; graphs
goes up; ex. bold clotting
Anatomical position - ANSWERS-erect spine, arms supinated, knees together,
feet laterally rotated
,Sagittal plane - ANSWERS-divided down the middle of the body, two
symmetrically halves, closer to middle of body = medial, further away from to
middle of body = lateral, in the middle of body = intermediate
Frontal plane - ANSWERS-divides body into front and back halves, front of
body = anterior, back of body = posterior, (in animals) back side = dorsal,
stomach side = ventral
Anatomy - ANSWERS-The study of the *structure of the body*
Physiology - ANSWERS-The *function of the body*
Levels of Organization - ANSWERS-Chemical, Cellular, Tissue, Organ, Organ
System, Organism
*must be in the right order, smallest to largest*
Functions/processes that distinguish living from nonliving - ANSWERS-
Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism,
excretion, reproduction, growth & development
Needs to maintain life - ANSWERS-Nutrients, oxygen, water, appropriate
temperature, appropriate atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis;what two systems are most important for this - ANSWERS-the
ability to maintain a stable internal environment; nervous & endocrine
, Transverse plane - ANSWERS-divides body at the waist, above the waist =
superior, below the waist = inferior, (in animals) closer to head = cranial,
closer to tail = caudal
superior - ANSWERS-above
inferior - ANSWERS-below
anterior - ANSWERS-front
posterior - ANSWERS-back
Proximal - ANSWERS-closer to origin
Distal - ANSWERS-closer to end
Superficial - ANSWERS-closer to surface of body
Deep - ANSWERS-further from surface of body
Medial - ANSWERS-closer to middle of body
Lateral - ANSWERS-further from middle of body
Two main body cavities - ANSWERS-dorsal & ventral
