NST 103 Midterm 3 (E) Exam Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest Version 2025-2026
- Acetoacetyl-CoA
- Acetyl-CoA - Answers What are the 2 key "Ketogenic" intermediates involved in amino acid
degradation?
- pyruvate
- a-ketoglutarate
- succinyl-coA
- fumarate
- oxaloacetate - Answers What are the 5 "Glucogenic" intermediates involved in amino acid
degradation? (hint: TCA)
adipose tissue, liver, and lactating mammary gland - Answers Which organs does FA synthesis occur?
cytosol - Answers Where does FA synthesis occur?
when the availability of acetyl CoA exceeds needs for energy - Answers When does FA synthesis occur?
glucose & amino acids - Answers What are the substrates of FA synthesis?
citrate - Answers What is primary carrier of acetyl coA into the cytosol?
mitochondria - Answers Where is Acetyl CoA produced?
no - Answers Can Acetyl CoA cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?
mitochondrial membrnae - Answers Where are the transporters for citrate present?
pyruvate --> acetyl coA --> citrate --> citrate --> OAA + Acetyl-CoA --> FAS - Answers List the pathway of
pyruvate to FAS (mitochondria --> cytosol)
- acetyl coA --> acetyl ACP
- enzyme: ACP-SH --> CoA-SH - Answers What is the initiation reaction of the synthesis of palmitate from
acetyl coA? (name the enzyme & substrates)
- acetyl CoA --> malonyl coA
- enzyme: acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) (w/biotin) - Answers What is the activation reaction of the
synthesis of palmitate from acetyl coA?
Malonyl-CoA, acetyl-ACP, CPT1 - Answers ______________ elongates _____________ to produce
palmitoyl-ACP & it inhibits ________ which keeps FA's in the cytosol.
, 7 - Answers To make one palmitate molecule, how many cycles are required?
2C acetyl-ACP, malonyl-CoA - Answers To make 1 palmitate molecule, what are the input molecules of
round 1?
- 1 acetyl coA
- 7 malonyl CoA
- 14 NADPH
- 14 H+ - Answers For De Novo palmitate synthesis, what are the substrates? (list exact number of them
too)
- 1 palmitate
- 7 CO2
- 14 NADP+
- 7 H2O - Answers For De Novo Palmitate synthesis, what are the products? (list the exact number too)
the production of malonyl coA - Answers Which reaction requires biotin?
citrate - Answers What is the allosteric activator of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)?
long-chain acyl CoA's - Answers What are the allosteric inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)?
phosphorylate, reducing - Answers Glucagon and AMPK (dephosphorylate/phosphorylate) ACC,
(reducing/increasing) activity
increases, dephosphorylating - Answers Insulin (increases/decreases) activity by
(phosphorylating/dephosphorylating) ACC
- insulin/glucose
- glucagon/epinephrine - Answers How are all of the enzymes, ACL, ACC, FAS and some of the pentose
phosphate pathway (lipogenic genes) regulated?
Increased by ____________
Decreased by _____________
SCD (mixed function oxidase) - Answers ________ desaturates existing FA's in ER
- oleoyl-CoA
- Acetoacetyl-CoA
- Acetyl-CoA - Answers What are the 2 key "Ketogenic" intermediates involved in amino acid
degradation?
- pyruvate
- a-ketoglutarate
- succinyl-coA
- fumarate
- oxaloacetate - Answers What are the 5 "Glucogenic" intermediates involved in amino acid
degradation? (hint: TCA)
adipose tissue, liver, and lactating mammary gland - Answers Which organs does FA synthesis occur?
cytosol - Answers Where does FA synthesis occur?
when the availability of acetyl CoA exceeds needs for energy - Answers When does FA synthesis occur?
glucose & amino acids - Answers What are the substrates of FA synthesis?
citrate - Answers What is primary carrier of acetyl coA into the cytosol?
mitochondria - Answers Where is Acetyl CoA produced?
no - Answers Can Acetyl CoA cross the inner mitochondrial membrane?
mitochondrial membrnae - Answers Where are the transporters for citrate present?
pyruvate --> acetyl coA --> citrate --> citrate --> OAA + Acetyl-CoA --> FAS - Answers List the pathway of
pyruvate to FAS (mitochondria --> cytosol)
- acetyl coA --> acetyl ACP
- enzyme: ACP-SH --> CoA-SH - Answers What is the initiation reaction of the synthesis of palmitate from
acetyl coA? (name the enzyme & substrates)
- acetyl CoA --> malonyl coA
- enzyme: acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) (w/biotin) - Answers What is the activation reaction of the
synthesis of palmitate from acetyl coA?
Malonyl-CoA, acetyl-ACP, CPT1 - Answers ______________ elongates _____________ to produce
palmitoyl-ACP & it inhibits ________ which keeps FA's in the cytosol.
, 7 - Answers To make one palmitate molecule, how many cycles are required?
2C acetyl-ACP, malonyl-CoA - Answers To make 1 palmitate molecule, what are the input molecules of
round 1?
- 1 acetyl coA
- 7 malonyl CoA
- 14 NADPH
- 14 H+ - Answers For De Novo palmitate synthesis, what are the substrates? (list exact number of them
too)
- 1 palmitate
- 7 CO2
- 14 NADP+
- 7 H2O - Answers For De Novo Palmitate synthesis, what are the products? (list the exact number too)
the production of malonyl coA - Answers Which reaction requires biotin?
citrate - Answers What is the allosteric activator of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)?
long-chain acyl CoA's - Answers What are the allosteric inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC)?
phosphorylate, reducing - Answers Glucagon and AMPK (dephosphorylate/phosphorylate) ACC,
(reducing/increasing) activity
increases, dephosphorylating - Answers Insulin (increases/decreases) activity by
(phosphorylating/dephosphorylating) ACC
- insulin/glucose
- glucagon/epinephrine - Answers How are all of the enzymes, ACL, ACC, FAS and some of the pentose
phosphate pathway (lipogenic genes) regulated?
Increased by ____________
Decreased by _____________
SCD (mixed function oxidase) - Answers ________ desaturates existing FA's in ER
- oleoyl-CoA
