FINAL HMX Pharmacology EXAM
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
LATEST UPDATE THIS YEAR A+ GRADE |
2025/2026 | SURE TO PASS!!
1. Which of the following are components of an adaptive
immune response to pathogen? (Select two answers.) -
ANSWER ✓ clonal selection by specific antigen
clonal expansion
2. Which of the statements below best describes the
classical pathway of complement? - ANSWER ✓
Antibodies bound to a microbe recruit C1q, which
activates a series of events that lead to C3 cleavage.
3. Lectins are a diverse group of proteins found in our
bodies. What statement below most accurately describes
the lectins that activate complement? - ANSWER ✓
Lectins bind to sugars that are commonly expressed by
microbes.
,4. Which of the following antimicrobial functions are
activated by the complement system? - ANSWER ✓ -
direct killing of microbes by lysis (disruption of membrane
integrity)
- opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes
- inflammation
5. Of the statements below, what is a shared feature of
IgM and immune lectins? - ANSWER ✓ Both have the
ability to agglutinate (clump) microbes.
Both have more than one binding site.
Both are circulating proteins.
6. What differentiates adaptive immunity from innate
immunity? (select two answers) - ANSWER ✓ Adaptive
immunity is a response to a specific pathogen whereas
innate immunity is a response to a pathogen-associated
pattern.
The adaptive immune response is more vigorous on
repeated exposure to the same pathogen.
7. Which of the cells below is a type of lymphocyte? -
ANSWER ✓ B cells are lymphocytes, while the other cells
,listed are myeloid cells. You will learn more about the
myeloid lineage of leukocytes later in the course.
8. What is the term for a molecule recognized by the
adaptive immune system as foreign? - ANSWER ✓
antigen or antigens
9. Which of these statements most accurately describes
humoral immunity? - ANSWER ✓ immune functions
mediated mostly by B cell-derived antibodies that act
outside of cells
10. neutralization - ANSWER ✓ ____________ refers to
the process of antibodies binding to microbes, thereby
preventing them from interacting with receptors on cells
and infecting the cells.
11. The process of ____________ refers to antibodies
coating a pathogen to make it more palatable to be eaten
by phagocytes. - ANSWER ✓ opsonization
13. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity involves: -
ANSWER ✓ natural killer cells recognizing antibodies
bound to virus-related proteins on the infected cell surface
, 14. The protein complex recruited by antibodies that
mediates the direct killing of microbes is part of the
____________ system. - ANSWER ✓ Complement plays
many roles in immunity. One of them is to form a complex
that makes holes in bacterial membranes, thereby directly
killing the bacteria.
15. The __________ portion of the antibody is the part
that is bound to complement or is recognized by the
receptors on phagocytes or on natural killer cells. -
ANSWER ✓ Fc
16. What are the isotypes (classes) of antibodies that
require J chains for their function? (select two answers) -
ANSWER ✓ Antibodies of the IgA and IgM isotype are
usually dimers or pentamers, respectively, of the basic 4-
chain Ig structure, and require the J chains to bind the Igs
together. The J chain connects the antibodies by their Fc
region.
17. A researcher suspects that a certain leukocyte
population plays a role in a particular disease. She studies
mice with a genetic defect that leads to the development
of the disease in young mice. She decides to test her
hypothesis by surgically removing the thymus from
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED SOLUTIONS
LATEST UPDATE THIS YEAR A+ GRADE |
2025/2026 | SURE TO PASS!!
1. Which of the following are components of an adaptive
immune response to pathogen? (Select two answers.) -
ANSWER ✓ clonal selection by specific antigen
clonal expansion
2. Which of the statements below best describes the
classical pathway of complement? - ANSWER ✓
Antibodies bound to a microbe recruit C1q, which
activates a series of events that lead to C3 cleavage.
3. Lectins are a diverse group of proteins found in our
bodies. What statement below most accurately describes
the lectins that activate complement? - ANSWER ✓
Lectins bind to sugars that are commonly expressed by
microbes.
,4. Which of the following antimicrobial functions are
activated by the complement system? - ANSWER ✓ -
direct killing of microbes by lysis (disruption of membrane
integrity)
- opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes
- inflammation
5. Of the statements below, what is a shared feature of
IgM and immune lectins? - ANSWER ✓ Both have the
ability to agglutinate (clump) microbes.
Both have more than one binding site.
Both are circulating proteins.
6. What differentiates adaptive immunity from innate
immunity? (select two answers) - ANSWER ✓ Adaptive
immunity is a response to a specific pathogen whereas
innate immunity is a response to a pathogen-associated
pattern.
The adaptive immune response is more vigorous on
repeated exposure to the same pathogen.
7. Which of the cells below is a type of lymphocyte? -
ANSWER ✓ B cells are lymphocytes, while the other cells
,listed are myeloid cells. You will learn more about the
myeloid lineage of leukocytes later in the course.
8. What is the term for a molecule recognized by the
adaptive immune system as foreign? - ANSWER ✓
antigen or antigens
9. Which of these statements most accurately describes
humoral immunity? - ANSWER ✓ immune functions
mediated mostly by B cell-derived antibodies that act
outside of cells
10. neutralization - ANSWER ✓ ____________ refers to
the process of antibodies binding to microbes, thereby
preventing them from interacting with receptors on cells
and infecting the cells.
11. The process of ____________ refers to antibodies
coating a pathogen to make it more palatable to be eaten
by phagocytes. - ANSWER ✓ opsonization
13. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity involves: -
ANSWER ✓ natural killer cells recognizing antibodies
bound to virus-related proteins on the infected cell surface
, 14. The protein complex recruited by antibodies that
mediates the direct killing of microbes is part of the
____________ system. - ANSWER ✓ Complement plays
many roles in immunity. One of them is to form a complex
that makes holes in bacterial membranes, thereby directly
killing the bacteria.
15. The __________ portion of the antibody is the part
that is bound to complement or is recognized by the
receptors on phagocytes or on natural killer cells. -
ANSWER ✓ Fc
16. What are the isotypes (classes) of antibodies that
require J chains for their function? (select two answers) -
ANSWER ✓ Antibodies of the IgA and IgM isotype are
usually dimers or pentamers, respectively, of the basic 4-
chain Ig structure, and require the J chains to bind the Igs
together. The J chain connects the antibodies by their Fc
region.
17. A researcher suspects that a certain leukocyte
population plays a role in a particular disease. She studies
mice with a genetic defect that leads to the development
of the disease in young mice. She decides to test her
hypothesis by surgically removing the thymus from
