7/17/25, 8:22
AM
UNCG BIO 277-01 UNIT FINAL EXAM GENERAL
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED GRADED A+
Terms in this set (113)
autocrine and paracrine are for local cell
signaling
describe autocrine, autocrine: receptor is on the cell that produced
paracrine, endocrine the signal
cell, and hormone paracrine: signal binds with receptor on
signaling nearby cell. passes only through
interstitial fluid
endocrine and hormones involve distance cell
signaling
endocrine: travel through blood before binding
with receptor
1) steroids: fat soluble (lipid soluble),
hydrophobic, receptor location on
two types of hormones nucleus, activate gene expression,
2) non-steroids: water soluble (hydropilic/
lipophobic), receptors on plasma
1/42
,7/17/25, 8:22
AM
membrane, activate enzymes, activate
2nd messenger systems, open/ close ion
channels
estro
gen
examples of steroids testos
teron
e
proge
steron
e
cortis
ol
aldosterone
example of non-roids insulin
NEPI / EPI can bind to NEPI binds to two different types of receptors:
SM receptors 1) alpha adronergic receptors --> contraction
causing them to 2) beta adronergic receptors --> dilation
contract or dilate.
how does the SM
know when to do
what
2/42
,7/17/25, 8:22
AM
antagonistic control:
- antagonistic control, different signals
bind with different receptors to cause
different responses
[The pacemaker cells of the heart are an
example of a tissue that is under
antagonistic control. One signal (EPI/NE)
causes the heart to speed up, and a
antagonistic vs tonic different signal (acetylcholine, Ach)
control causes the heart to slow down.]
Tonic control:
- when the tissue response varies with
the amount of signal that binds with
the receptor. for example blood
vessels
[blood vessels have α-adrenergic receptors, so
when EPI/NE binds with the
receptor the blood vessel contracts.
The amount of contraction varies with
how much EPI/NE is applied. For the
smooth muscle to relax, stimulation by
EPI/NE has to be reduced. There is NOT
a different signal to cause relaxation.]
3/42
, 7/17/25, 8:22
AM
KNOW THIS ENTIRE CHART
Describe the stress
axis
once a neuron
depolarized (due to ion
movement in the cell
causing it to become
more positive) it will
send an electrical
impulse down its axon,
this impulse will open
describe how action and close V-G Na+
potential works and K+
channels
(Na will influx/ come into
the cell to make it more
positive)
(K+ will eflux/ leave the
cell to make it more
negative)
- this opening and
closing of channels will
reach down to the axon
terminal in which it binds
to V-G Ca++ channels
4/42
AM
UNCG BIO 277-01 UNIT FINAL EXAM GENERAL
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED GRADED A+
Terms in this set (113)
autocrine and paracrine are for local cell
signaling
describe autocrine, autocrine: receptor is on the cell that produced
paracrine, endocrine the signal
cell, and hormone paracrine: signal binds with receptor on
signaling nearby cell. passes only through
interstitial fluid
endocrine and hormones involve distance cell
signaling
endocrine: travel through blood before binding
with receptor
1) steroids: fat soluble (lipid soluble),
hydrophobic, receptor location on
two types of hormones nucleus, activate gene expression,
2) non-steroids: water soluble (hydropilic/
lipophobic), receptors on plasma
1/42
,7/17/25, 8:22
AM
membrane, activate enzymes, activate
2nd messenger systems, open/ close ion
channels
estro
gen
examples of steroids testos
teron
e
proge
steron
e
cortis
ol
aldosterone
example of non-roids insulin
NEPI / EPI can bind to NEPI binds to two different types of receptors:
SM receptors 1) alpha adronergic receptors --> contraction
causing them to 2) beta adronergic receptors --> dilation
contract or dilate.
how does the SM
know when to do
what
2/42
,7/17/25, 8:22
AM
antagonistic control:
- antagonistic control, different signals
bind with different receptors to cause
different responses
[The pacemaker cells of the heart are an
example of a tissue that is under
antagonistic control. One signal (EPI/NE)
causes the heart to speed up, and a
antagonistic vs tonic different signal (acetylcholine, Ach)
control causes the heart to slow down.]
Tonic control:
- when the tissue response varies with
the amount of signal that binds with
the receptor. for example blood
vessels
[blood vessels have α-adrenergic receptors, so
when EPI/NE binds with the
receptor the blood vessel contracts.
The amount of contraction varies with
how much EPI/NE is applied. For the
smooth muscle to relax, stimulation by
EPI/NE has to be reduced. There is NOT
a different signal to cause relaxation.]
3/42
, 7/17/25, 8:22
AM
KNOW THIS ENTIRE CHART
Describe the stress
axis
once a neuron
depolarized (due to ion
movement in the cell
causing it to become
more positive) it will
send an electrical
impulse down its axon,
this impulse will open
describe how action and close V-G Na+
potential works and K+
channels
(Na will influx/ come into
the cell to make it more
positive)
(K+ will eflux/ leave the
cell to make it more
negative)
- this opening and
closing of channels will
reach down to the axon
terminal in which it binds
to V-G Ca++ channels
4/42
