ability to manipulate human genes through technologies like CRISPR brings with it both excitement
and ethical dilemmas. One of the most contentious ethical issues is the concept of "designer babies,"
where genetic alterations are made to enhance physical or intellectual traits. The ethical concerns here
involve questions of eugenics, social inequality (if only the wealthy can access such technologies),
and the potential unintended consequences of genetic modifications on future generations.From a
legal standpoint, laws regulating genetic engineering vary widely by country. In some places, genetic
modification of embryos is banned, while in others, it is allowed under specific conditions. The legal
frameworks in place are often reactive, as the pace of biotechnological advancements often outpaces
the development of
Chapter 32: Immunologic Disorders
Linton: Medical-Surgical Nursing, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which population, according to statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), has the greatest incidence of human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) infection in the
United States?
a. Asian Americans
b. African Americans
c. Latinos
d. Whites
ANS: B
Of those with HIV infection in the United States, African Americans make up 49%, whites
27%, and Latinos 12%. Asian Americans were not reported.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 577 OBJ: 2
TOP: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Incidence in the United States
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Prevention and Early Detection of Disease
2. What does enzyme reverse transcriptase transcribe?
a. DNA to mimic CD4 cells
b. T4-helper cells to RNA
c. HIV RNA to HIV DNA
d. T4 cells to HIV virions
ANS: C
Reverse transcriptase reverses the normal process and allows the RNA to be transcribed to the
DNA rather than the DNA to be transcribed to the RNA.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 578 OBJ: 1
TOP: Pathophysiology KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
3. What is the most common form of transmission of the HIV virus?
a. Injection drug use
b. Heterosexual contact
c. Exposure to contaminated blood products
d. Male to male
ANS: D
Male-to-male transmission is still the most common mode.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 578 OBJ: 2
, TOP: Transmission of HIV KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Prevention and Early Detection of Disease
4. A nurse is assessing a patient with AIDS for risk factors. What is recognized as the most risky
behavior in the patient history?
a. Oral sex without contact with the glans penis
b. Oral sex with a condom
c. Use of sex toys
d. Anal sex with a condom
ANS: D
ability to manipulate human genes through technologies like CRISPR brings with it both excitement
and ethical dilemmas. One of the most contentious ethical issues is the concept of "designer babies,"
where genetic alterations are made to enhance physical or intellectual traits. The ethical concerns here
involve questions of eugenics, social inequality (if only the wealthy can access such technologies),
and the potential unintended consequences of genetic modifications on future generations.From a
legal standpoint, laws regulating genetic engineering vary widely by country. In some places, genetic
modification of embryos is banned, while in others, it is allowed under specific conditions. The legal
frameworks in place are often reactive, as the pace of biotechnological advancements often outpaces
the development of
Anal sex, even with a condom, is a higher risk behavior than the other three options.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 578 OBJ: 2
TOP: Risk Factors KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Prevention and Early Detection of Disease
5. When is a patient with HIV considered to have progressed to AIDS?
a. Two or more opportunistic infections are diagnosed.
b. Kaposi sarcoma appears.
c. CD4 cell level drops to 200.
d. Patient tested positive for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
ANS: C
A person with an HIV infection is not diagnosed with AIDS until the CD4 count falls to 200.
Other AIDS markers exist as well.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 578 OBJ: 3
TOP: AIDS KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
6. A very anxious young man comes to the clinic believing that he may have HIV infection
because of his persistent inTflE
ueSnT
zaB-lAikNeKsS
ym
EpLtom
LEsRa.nC
dOhiM
s risky sexual behavior. What should
the nurse anticipate that a positive blood analysis would show?
a. High levels of CD8 cells
b. High levels of HIV-infected cells
c. Low levels of T cells
d. Low levels of antibodies
ANS: B
In the initial phase of HIV infection, high levels of HIV-infected cells, high levels of T cells,
and high levels of antibodies are present as the body attempts to rid the body of the virus
through the immune response.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 578 OBJ: 1
TOP: Diagnosis of AIDS KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
and ethical dilemmas. One of the most contentious ethical issues is the concept of "designer babies,"
where genetic alterations are made to enhance physical or intellectual traits. The ethical concerns here
involve questions of eugenics, social inequality (if only the wealthy can access such technologies),
and the potential unintended consequences of genetic modifications on future generations.From a
legal standpoint, laws regulating genetic engineering vary widely by country. In some places, genetic
modification of embryos is banned, while in others, it is allowed under specific conditions. The legal
frameworks in place are often reactive, as the pace of biotechnological advancements often outpaces
the development of
Chapter 32: Immunologic Disorders
Linton: Medical-Surgical Nursing, 7th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which population, according to statistics from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC), has the greatest incidence of human immunodeficiency viral (HIV) infection in the
United States?
a. Asian Americans
b. African Americans
c. Latinos
d. Whites
ANS: B
Of those with HIV infection in the United States, African Americans make up 49%, whites
27%, and Latinos 12%. Asian Americans were not reported.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 577 OBJ: 2
TOP: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Incidence in the United States
KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Prevention and Early Detection of Disease
2. What does enzyme reverse transcriptase transcribe?
a. DNA to mimic CD4 cells
b. T4-helper cells to RNA
c. HIV RNA to HIV DNA
d. T4 cells to HIV virions
ANS: C
Reverse transcriptase reverses the normal process and allows the RNA to be transcribed to the
DNA rather than the DNA to be transcribed to the RNA.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 578 OBJ: 1
TOP: Pathophysiology KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
3. What is the most common form of transmission of the HIV virus?
a. Injection drug use
b. Heterosexual contact
c. Exposure to contaminated blood products
d. Male to male
ANS: D
Male-to-male transmission is still the most common mode.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 578 OBJ: 2
, TOP: Transmission of HIV KEY: Nursing Process Step: Planning
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Prevention and Early Detection of Disease
4. A nurse is assessing a patient with AIDS for risk factors. What is recognized as the most risky
behavior in the patient history?
a. Oral sex without contact with the glans penis
b. Oral sex with a condom
c. Use of sex toys
d. Anal sex with a condom
ANS: D
ability to manipulate human genes through technologies like CRISPR brings with it both excitement
and ethical dilemmas. One of the most contentious ethical issues is the concept of "designer babies,"
where genetic alterations are made to enhance physical or intellectual traits. The ethical concerns here
involve questions of eugenics, social inequality (if only the wealthy can access such technologies),
and the potential unintended consequences of genetic modifications on future generations.From a
legal standpoint, laws regulating genetic engineering vary widely by country. In some places, genetic
modification of embryos is banned, while in others, it is allowed under specific conditions. The legal
frameworks in place are often reactive, as the pace of biotechnological advancements often outpaces
the development of
Anal sex, even with a condom, is a higher risk behavior than the other three options.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 578 OBJ: 2
TOP: Risk Factors KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Health Promotion and Maintenance: Prevention and Early Detection of Disease
5. When is a patient with HIV considered to have progressed to AIDS?
a. Two or more opportunistic infections are diagnosed.
b. Kaposi sarcoma appears.
c. CD4 cell level drops to 200.
d. Patient tested positive for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
ANS: C
A person with an HIV infection is not diagnosed with AIDS until the CD4 count falls to 200.
Other AIDS markers exist as well.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge REF: p. 578 OBJ: 3
TOP: AIDS KEY: Nursing Process Step: Implementation
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
6. A very anxious young man comes to the clinic believing that he may have HIV infection
because of his persistent inTflE
ueSnT
zaB-lAikNeKsS
ym
EpLtom
LEsRa.nC
dOhiM
s risky sexual behavior. What should
the nurse anticipate that a positive blood analysis would show?
a. High levels of CD8 cells
b. High levels of HIV-infected cells
c. Low levels of T cells
d. Low levels of antibodies
ANS: B
In the initial phase of HIV infection, high levels of HIV-infected cells, high levels of T cells,
and high levels of antibodies are present as the body attempts to rid the body of the virus
through the immune response.
DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehension REF: p. 578 OBJ: 1
TOP: Diagnosis of AIDS KEY: Nursing Process Step: Assessment
MSC: NCLEX: Physiological Integrity: Physiological Adaptation
