GOVERNANCE
2. Issues relating to development and management of
Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education,
Human Resources, issues relating to poverty and
hunger.
4. How do Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) address the social sector? Examine. What is the proposed
roadmap to achieve the targets related to the social sector? Discuss.
SDGs are 17 set of goals as a blueprint to achieve an inclusive sustainable development for all set up in 2015
as part of UN general assembly resolution 2030. These goals are targeted in systematic sustainable
development for all with indicators including health, livelihood, women empowerment, poverty elimination, zero
hunger etc. These indicators are one of the key indicators in the social sector development. SDG sets the focus
on attainment of these goals through a worldwide agenda and support including those of international
organisations and bodies.
Social sector deals with the rights of citizens to education, land rights, food security, health and sanitation,
gender equality, women’s empowerment, livelihood and employment guarantee.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) address the social sector
• Poverty- Eliminating poverty (SDG 1) eliminating hunger (SDG 2)
• Education (SDG 4)
• Health (SDG 3)
• Gender equality (SDG 5)
• Infrastructure (SDG 9)
Proposed roadmap to achieve the targets related to the social sector
Poverty
Several large-scale anti-poverty programmes have been implemented. The Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, for instance.
Under PM awas Yojana , planing housing for all by 2022, PM MAAN DHAN YOJANA providing social security to
unorganized sector worker.
Under Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana , Liquefied Petroleum Gas connections has been providing to
poor to adopt clean energy
Education
Stunting among children less than 5 years has declined from 48% to 38.4% between 2005-06 and
2015-16. During the same period, the percentage of underweight children has declined from 42.5%
to 35.7%.
More than 800 million people are covered in India by providing the food grains at affordable prices
through the PDS. The Mid-Day-Meal Programme is providing nutritious cooked meals to 100 million
, children in primary schools. Additionally, food distribution governance is being strengthened through
the digitization of ration cards and an online grievance redressal mechanism.
Further, sustainable and climate-adaptive agriculture has been boosted by, inter alia, promoting
organic farming and issuing of 62 million Soil Health Cards to farmers. A comprehensive plan is also
being implemented for doubling farmers’ income by 2022.
Health
The National Health Policy, 2017 has specified targets for universalizing primary health care,
achieving further reductions in infant and under-5 mortality, preventing premature deaths due to non-
communicable diseases as well as increasing government expenditure on health.
A composite index is being used to monitor and incentivise improvements in health services delivery
across states in the country.
Towards achieving universal health coverage, a health insurance cover of INR 100,000 is being
extended to all poor families.
Gender equality
While much more progress remains to be made, a number of indicators pertaining to the status of
women in India have moved in the right direction over the years. For instance, 68.4% of women were
literate in 2015-16, as compared to 55.1% in 2005-06. Additionally, 53% of women were
independently using a bank or savings account in 2015-16, which is a significant improvement from
15.1% in 2005-06.
Numerous measures have been put in place for promoting gender equality. For example, the Beti
Bachao Beti Padao (Save the Girl Child, Educate the Girl Child) initiative focuses on a
comprehensive package of interventions for the girl child including those pertaining to education and
protection.
The Maternity Benefit Programme protects women from wage loss during the first six months after
childbirth. Further, several programmes are being implemented for enabling greater participation of
women in the work force.
Resilient Infrastructure
All forms of transportation – roads, railways, civil aviation and waterways are being rapidly expanded.
Road connectivity and electricity are being brought to all villages. (PM SAUBHAGYA )
The Bharat Broadband Network Ltd. initiative is aiming to provide high-speed broadband connectivity
to all village councils in the country. (Bharat net )
Over the last five years, there has been a consistent growth in installed electricity generation
capacity. The installed capacity in non-fossil-fuel sectors has grown by 51.3% and more than
doubled in the renewable energy sector (solar, wind, bio- and small hydro power).
India is making efforts to become an Information Technology and manufacturing hub through its
‘Make in India’ campaign. These efforts have greatly accelerated Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
inflows and helped the country sustain an average growth of 7.5% during the last three financial
years (2014-15 to 2016-17).
, Employment-intensive manufacturing segments are being boosted by providing easy credit to small-
scale business entrepreneurs. Additionally, the ‘Start-up India’ programme promotes
entrepreneurship and labour-intensive economic growth.
Conclusion
These goals reflect our evolving understanding of the social, economic and environmental linkages that define
our lives.” India’s development mantra “Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas” (Collective Effort, Inclusive Development)
and the associated national programs closely track the SDGs.
SDG Financing
SDG financing means channelling global financial flows towards Sustainable Development imperative to
achieving the 2030 Agenda.
Addis Ababa Action Agenda 2015, provides a global framework for financing sustainable development
that aligns all financing flows and policies with economic, social and environmental priorities.
India occupies a key role in determining the success of the SDGs globally and it needs $2.64 trillion
investment to meet SDGs.
India needs to increase its SDG spending by an additional 6.2% of its GDP until 2030. Hence, it is
crucial to make sure that the budget allocations align with SDG priorities.
SDG financing Initiatives:
SDG Financing Lab is an OECD-led initiative that strives to inform decision-makers and policy
leaders on how to ensure the resources needed to achieve the 2030 Agenda.
SDG Fund is an international multi-donor and multi-agency development mechanism created in 2014
by the United Nations to support sustainable development activities through integrated
and multidimensional joint programmes.
However, despite growing momentum for sustainable development investments, financing gaps remain
large.
Need for SDG financing
Increasing Environmental Shocks: Greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, posing risks to sustainable development.
Growing Financial Risks: Short-term financial market volatility has increased due to COVID-19. Prior to that, an extended
period of low interest rates had incentivized riskier behaviour through- out the financial system. Financial intermediation has
steadily migrated to non-bank financial intermediaries (who hold over 30 per cent of global financial assets).
Declining Assistance: Official development assistance (ODA) fell by 4.3% in 2018, and ODA to least developed countries
(LDCs) fell by 2.1%.
High Debt Risk: Debt risks will likely rise further in the most vulnerable countries.
Governments of Low-Income Developing Countries (LIDCs) will require a substantial increase in fiscal (budget)
revenues, far beyond what they can achieve by their own fiscal reforms.
For this reason, SDG financing will require substantial international cooperation to enable the LIDCs to finance their
SDG fiscal outlays.
Issues in SDG financing
Heightened geopolitical tensions around trade and technology: In recent years, the world has witnessed a
rise in unilateral actions, trade tensions and protectionist measures that largely circumvent multilateral
, processes.
Growing external debt amidst unresolved systemic issues: Global debt levels have continued to set new
records and grew to 247 trillion US dollars in July 2019, up from 168 trillion US dollars in 2008 at the start
of financial crisis..
Unmet expectations about public-private collaboration for development finance: In particular
investments in LDCs have been insufficient to meet their SDG financing needs. Only 7% of 81 billion US
dollars in private finance mobilized for development went to LDCs (2012-15).
Constraints to finance SDGs in India include:
Inefficiency of tax systems,
Lack of incentives driving private sector participation,
Lack of business models supporting SDGs.
How to address SDG financing Gap?
Address trade issues: To put trade back on track, there is need to put sustainable development at the heart of
the multilateral trade regime, building on existing experience from the investment regime and regional trade
agreements.
Deal rising debt vulnerabilities: There is need to promote the UNCTAD Principles for Responsible
Sovereign Lending and borrowing, explore Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanisms for countries in
default, and create a well-endowed global climate disaster fund and decarburization bank.
Public-private collaboration for development finance:
There is need for increased knowledge-sharing and evidence to improve blended finance practices
and to speed up documentation of the type of financing/ funding that is best suited by sector and type of
country so as to ensure that the countries that need it the most are not completely left behind.
Public sector role: Remove inefficiencies in tax system, allocation of tax to implement SDGs,
Augment new sources such as sovereign bonds for SDGs, reducing illicit financial flows, infrastructure
finance and capital market development, Foreign Direct Investment promotion etc.
Private sector role: Incentivize private sector investment, Crowd in private investment through
innovative facilities and business models etc.
Maximize investment impact: increasing the sustainable development benefits and minimizing the risks of
investment in SDG sectors.
Channel investment: promoting and facilitating investment into SDG sectors.
HEALTH
Primary healthcare system in India
Primary health care is a whole-of-society approach to health and well-being centred on the needs and preferences
of individuals, families and communities. It addresses the broader determinants of health and focuses on the
comprehensive and interrelated aspects of physical, mental and social health and wellbeing. Primary health care is
2. Issues relating to development and management of
Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education,
Human Resources, issues relating to poverty and
hunger.
4. How do Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) address the social sector? Examine. What is the proposed
roadmap to achieve the targets related to the social sector? Discuss.
SDGs are 17 set of goals as a blueprint to achieve an inclusive sustainable development for all set up in 2015
as part of UN general assembly resolution 2030. These goals are targeted in systematic sustainable
development for all with indicators including health, livelihood, women empowerment, poverty elimination, zero
hunger etc. These indicators are one of the key indicators in the social sector development. SDG sets the focus
on attainment of these goals through a worldwide agenda and support including those of international
organisations and bodies.
Social sector deals with the rights of citizens to education, land rights, food security, health and sanitation,
gender equality, women’s empowerment, livelihood and employment guarantee.
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) address the social sector
• Poverty- Eliminating poverty (SDG 1) eliminating hunger (SDG 2)
• Education (SDG 4)
• Health (SDG 3)
• Gender equality (SDG 5)
• Infrastructure (SDG 9)
Proposed roadmap to achieve the targets related to the social sector
Poverty
Several large-scale anti-poverty programmes have been implemented. The Mahatma Gandhi
National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, for instance.
Under PM awas Yojana , planing housing for all by 2022, PM MAAN DHAN YOJANA providing social security to
unorganized sector worker.
Under Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana , Liquefied Petroleum Gas connections has been providing to
poor to adopt clean energy
Education
Stunting among children less than 5 years has declined from 48% to 38.4% between 2005-06 and
2015-16. During the same period, the percentage of underweight children has declined from 42.5%
to 35.7%.
More than 800 million people are covered in India by providing the food grains at affordable prices
through the PDS. The Mid-Day-Meal Programme is providing nutritious cooked meals to 100 million
, children in primary schools. Additionally, food distribution governance is being strengthened through
the digitization of ration cards and an online grievance redressal mechanism.
Further, sustainable and climate-adaptive agriculture has been boosted by, inter alia, promoting
organic farming and issuing of 62 million Soil Health Cards to farmers. A comprehensive plan is also
being implemented for doubling farmers’ income by 2022.
Health
The National Health Policy, 2017 has specified targets for universalizing primary health care,
achieving further reductions in infant and under-5 mortality, preventing premature deaths due to non-
communicable diseases as well as increasing government expenditure on health.
A composite index is being used to monitor and incentivise improvements in health services delivery
across states in the country.
Towards achieving universal health coverage, a health insurance cover of INR 100,000 is being
extended to all poor families.
Gender equality
While much more progress remains to be made, a number of indicators pertaining to the status of
women in India have moved in the right direction over the years. For instance, 68.4% of women were
literate in 2015-16, as compared to 55.1% in 2005-06. Additionally, 53% of women were
independently using a bank or savings account in 2015-16, which is a significant improvement from
15.1% in 2005-06.
Numerous measures have been put in place for promoting gender equality. For example, the Beti
Bachao Beti Padao (Save the Girl Child, Educate the Girl Child) initiative focuses on a
comprehensive package of interventions for the girl child including those pertaining to education and
protection.
The Maternity Benefit Programme protects women from wage loss during the first six months after
childbirth. Further, several programmes are being implemented for enabling greater participation of
women in the work force.
Resilient Infrastructure
All forms of transportation – roads, railways, civil aviation and waterways are being rapidly expanded.
Road connectivity and electricity are being brought to all villages. (PM SAUBHAGYA )
The Bharat Broadband Network Ltd. initiative is aiming to provide high-speed broadband connectivity
to all village councils in the country. (Bharat net )
Over the last five years, there has been a consistent growth in installed electricity generation
capacity. The installed capacity in non-fossil-fuel sectors has grown by 51.3% and more than
doubled in the renewable energy sector (solar, wind, bio- and small hydro power).
India is making efforts to become an Information Technology and manufacturing hub through its
‘Make in India’ campaign. These efforts have greatly accelerated Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
inflows and helped the country sustain an average growth of 7.5% during the last three financial
years (2014-15 to 2016-17).
, Employment-intensive manufacturing segments are being boosted by providing easy credit to small-
scale business entrepreneurs. Additionally, the ‘Start-up India’ programme promotes
entrepreneurship and labour-intensive economic growth.
Conclusion
These goals reflect our evolving understanding of the social, economic and environmental linkages that define
our lives.” India’s development mantra “Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas” (Collective Effort, Inclusive Development)
and the associated national programs closely track the SDGs.
SDG Financing
SDG financing means channelling global financial flows towards Sustainable Development imperative to
achieving the 2030 Agenda.
Addis Ababa Action Agenda 2015, provides a global framework for financing sustainable development
that aligns all financing flows and policies with economic, social and environmental priorities.
India occupies a key role in determining the success of the SDGs globally and it needs $2.64 trillion
investment to meet SDGs.
India needs to increase its SDG spending by an additional 6.2% of its GDP until 2030. Hence, it is
crucial to make sure that the budget allocations align with SDG priorities.
SDG financing Initiatives:
SDG Financing Lab is an OECD-led initiative that strives to inform decision-makers and policy
leaders on how to ensure the resources needed to achieve the 2030 Agenda.
SDG Fund is an international multi-donor and multi-agency development mechanism created in 2014
by the United Nations to support sustainable development activities through integrated
and multidimensional joint programmes.
However, despite growing momentum for sustainable development investments, financing gaps remain
large.
Need for SDG financing
Increasing Environmental Shocks: Greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, posing risks to sustainable development.
Growing Financial Risks: Short-term financial market volatility has increased due to COVID-19. Prior to that, an extended
period of low interest rates had incentivized riskier behaviour through- out the financial system. Financial intermediation has
steadily migrated to non-bank financial intermediaries (who hold over 30 per cent of global financial assets).
Declining Assistance: Official development assistance (ODA) fell by 4.3% in 2018, and ODA to least developed countries
(LDCs) fell by 2.1%.
High Debt Risk: Debt risks will likely rise further in the most vulnerable countries.
Governments of Low-Income Developing Countries (LIDCs) will require a substantial increase in fiscal (budget)
revenues, far beyond what they can achieve by their own fiscal reforms.
For this reason, SDG financing will require substantial international cooperation to enable the LIDCs to finance their
SDG fiscal outlays.
Issues in SDG financing
Heightened geopolitical tensions around trade and technology: In recent years, the world has witnessed a
rise in unilateral actions, trade tensions and protectionist measures that largely circumvent multilateral
, processes.
Growing external debt amidst unresolved systemic issues: Global debt levels have continued to set new
records and grew to 247 trillion US dollars in July 2019, up from 168 trillion US dollars in 2008 at the start
of financial crisis..
Unmet expectations about public-private collaboration for development finance: In particular
investments in LDCs have been insufficient to meet their SDG financing needs. Only 7% of 81 billion US
dollars in private finance mobilized for development went to LDCs (2012-15).
Constraints to finance SDGs in India include:
Inefficiency of tax systems,
Lack of incentives driving private sector participation,
Lack of business models supporting SDGs.
How to address SDG financing Gap?
Address trade issues: To put trade back on track, there is need to put sustainable development at the heart of
the multilateral trade regime, building on existing experience from the investment regime and regional trade
agreements.
Deal rising debt vulnerabilities: There is need to promote the UNCTAD Principles for Responsible
Sovereign Lending and borrowing, explore Sovereign Debt Restructuring Mechanisms for countries in
default, and create a well-endowed global climate disaster fund and decarburization bank.
Public-private collaboration for development finance:
There is need for increased knowledge-sharing and evidence to improve blended finance practices
and to speed up documentation of the type of financing/ funding that is best suited by sector and type of
country so as to ensure that the countries that need it the most are not completely left behind.
Public sector role: Remove inefficiencies in tax system, allocation of tax to implement SDGs,
Augment new sources such as sovereign bonds for SDGs, reducing illicit financial flows, infrastructure
finance and capital market development, Foreign Direct Investment promotion etc.
Private sector role: Incentivize private sector investment, Crowd in private investment through
innovative facilities and business models etc.
Maximize investment impact: increasing the sustainable development benefits and minimizing the risks of
investment in SDG sectors.
Channel investment: promoting and facilitating investment into SDG sectors.
HEALTH
Primary healthcare system in India
Primary health care is a whole-of-society approach to health and well-being centred on the needs and preferences
of individuals, families and communities. It addresses the broader determinants of health and focuses on the
comprehensive and interrelated aspects of physical, mental and social health and wellbeing. Primary health care is
