SECURITY
2. Role of external state and non-state actors in
creating challenges to internal security.
State sponsored terrorism
The term ‘State-sponsored terrorism’ implies a state’s use or support of terrorism against another state or against its own
people. Any country that deliberately employs terrorism or aids and abets terrorist groups as an instrument of its foreign
policy against another country is categorized as a state sponsor of terrorism or simply a terrorist state. Eg.PAK against India
How is it a threat to India’s internal security:
Large scale violent act can be carried out in India like 2008 Mumbai terror attack.
Sustained armed revolt against the state can be carried with the help of state. Eg – Insurgencies in N-E India and in
‘red corridor’ allegedly with the help of China.
Terrorists are given money and other assets, for weapons but also training, travel and accommodation to plan and
execute their attacks and develop as an organisation.
Radicalization and long term erosion of spirit of nationalism are caused by state sponsored terrorism, as had been
done by Pakistan.
In case of state sponsored terrorism, taking action against terrorist and dismantling their modus operandi become
difficult due protection enjoyed by terrorists.
Rise and spread of militant Islam in the Middle-East
Militant Islam arises from extremist interpretation of Islam .This has led to emergence of Hamas in Palestine, al Qaeda in
Iraq, Hezbollah in Lebanon, ISIS in Syria, Houthi’s in Yemen.
Impact on India’s internal security
Communalization of Kashmir Issue – The people who are fighting for greater autonomy in the Kashmir Valley
because of peculiar historical reasons may be misled by ISIS. This may further drive a wedge between Kashmir
sections of Society and Indian Union. The Islamic State terror group has claimed to have established a new
“province” in India.
Recruitment through propaganda – With new forms of propaganda such as through internet, militant organization
can woo youths by ideologically brainwashing them.
Dangers of Lone Wolf Attacks like the ones carried out in France. Such tactics by terrorists will be difficult to
tackle by investigative authorities.
Terror Funding – Militant organizations have a close nexus with organized crime in the subcontinent. In order to
increase its revenues there is possibility of rise in drug and human trafficking in the country.
Impact on social fabric – Atmosphere of insecurity and intolerance may spread through society, which can lead to
increase cases of hate crimes.
Possible Nexus with Naxalites – Due to declining presence and influence of Naxalites, they will be forced to find
allies in other terror organisations like ISIS which has access to rich resources like oil.
Radicalization of Diaspora – Incidence of radicalization of Diaspora can easily be seen in states of Kerala,
Maharashtra, Telangana and West Bengal. Kerala depends on remittances from the Gulf region for much of its
, economic well-being, which in turn translates into the Gulf’s political influence as well.
Spread of militant ideology – Enormous funding to Madrasa by extreme Islamic group may also cause spread of
extreme idea of Wahhabis & Salafism etc.
Increased spending on Security – This reduces the financial resources available to government to spend on capital
asset creation and welfare activities
External state and non-state actors in the Jammu & Kashmir region
External State actors refer to those entities which have formal backing of a sovereign state for carrying out any intended
action. Non state actors on the other hand, have a considerable power of influencing international events but they do not
have formal state backing. Examples of state actors are the army, bureaucracy, intelligence agencies etc. whereas non state
actors would be NGOs, civil society organizations, extremist outfits, multinational companies etc.
Challenge to internal security from external State actors in the Jammu & Kashmir region
Through political backing, economic assistance, logistic support, military training or arms supplies external State
actors have varyingly contributed to the ongoing violence in Jammu & Kashmir region
The state may carry out a limited war against Indian state and this might have ramifications for our internal security
too.
They might support the various insurgent groups, Naxalites, or separatist groups through funding, training or
logistics.
There have been instances where state actors have been responsible for carrying out cyber warfare through hacking
and other espionage.
Challenge to internal security from non - State actors in the Jammu & Kashmir region
Insurgency and terrorism are carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad in the state.
Non state actor – sponsored terrorism, often motivated by fundamentalist ideologies, backed by secretive but
efficient financial networks, use of IT, clandestine access to chemical-biological and nuclear materials, and illicit
drug trafficking, has emerged as a major threat to international stability.
These groups aim to not only create instability in states like J&K, they also have a larger aim of destabilizing the
country. This is done through sporadic terrorist strikes, which spreads terror and panic. This could also adversely
affect the ability of the Indian state to pursue economic modernization.
Drug trafficking – Inter and Intra state trafficking takes place, through golden crescent and golden triangle
routes. Drugs from Golden Crescent (Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran) have affected J&K and Punjab.
Counterfeit currency – It corrodes economy from inside, by facilitating black money and money laundering activities
as well as funding terrorism, which itself creates a demand for fake currency, thereby creating a positive feedback
loop. This is the issue arising especially from Pakistan.
Communalism – Propagandas are run and funded by enemy country and other non-state actors (NGOs and CSOs)
to destabilize India by damaging the socio-religious fabric and ensure riots.
China-Pakistan axis is a geo-strategic and security headache
Challenges posed by China-Pakistan axis at geostrategic horizon:
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: China is using Indian land area illegally occupied by Pakistan violating
sovereignty of India. Though China always maintained Jammu and Kashmir is a bilateral issue, India has concerns
over the internationalization of the Kashmir issue, reflected in criticism of removal of article 370.
, String of Pearls: Gwadar port of Pakistan can become outpost for PLA navy eventually along with massive port
development surrounding India in Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh. Growing influence of China in the Indian Ocean major
cause of worry for India.
Afghanistan Peace process: China and Pakistan working in close cooperation to bring Taliban to table and exclude
India from the political solution in Afghanistan, which will undermine Indian efforts, infrastructure and investments
in Afghanistan.
Threats to Indian interests overseas: China consistently blocking India’s membership in Nuclear Supplier Group at
the haste of Pakistan, first time ‘informal consultations’ on India-Pakistan dispute after 1971 due to Chinese
initiative.
Security headache:
Nuclear terrorism: China and Pakistan being nuclear states on the northern and western border make India country
with one of the most hostile neighbours with Pakistan, India has unresolved Kashmir issue and with China India do
not have mutually agreed boundary settlement. It necessities India to develop resilient security apparatus.
Proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh and Punjab: Pakistan has continuously tried to destabilize India
internally, with support to separatists.
Moral support and Training to North-east militancy groups and Left wing extremism: China in the post provided safe
havens, arms and training to northeast militant groups and moral support to left wing extremism.
Radicalization and Fundamentalism: Pakistan has been the center of Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism of the
world. It has indulged in many terror attacks on Indian cities and China supported Pakistan in UN repeatedly
reflected in repeated technical hold to designate JeM head Massod Azhar as terrorist who eventually declared so
with consistent diplomatic efforts.
Indian response to China-Pakistan Axis:
India has taken strong action against both China and Pakistan in the recent past with border stand-off with China in
dock-lam and surgical strike and air strike in Pakistan.
India refused to participate in Belt and Road Initiative of China becoming the only major economy.
India increased Strategic relationship with US reflected in the development of Quad to counter China.
India’s proactive diplomacy in West Asia has dented support to Pakistan from Islamic world.
Religious ideology as challenge
ISIS CHALLENGE
Islamic state previously known as the Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), is a terror group which envisages
to establish an “Islamic state based on Sharia law or Islamic Caliphate”.
IS's Amaq News Agencyhas announced its new province in India, that it called “Wilayah of Hind”, but did
not elaborate on the branch's geographical remit.
In the past, IS had vowed to convert India into Khurasan State, a historic name for a region that covers
Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of India, and other surrounding countries.
Why Islamic State is a challenge for India?
Involvement of other state actors- such as Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), which can provide a
well-established intelligence and logistic network, in a symbiotic relationship. The NIA reported in 2014, the
recruitment of more than 300 Indian youths by Pakistan-based Tehreek-e-Taliban (TTP), which had joined
2. Role of external state and non-state actors in
creating challenges to internal security.
State sponsored terrorism
The term ‘State-sponsored terrorism’ implies a state’s use or support of terrorism against another state or against its own
people. Any country that deliberately employs terrorism or aids and abets terrorist groups as an instrument of its foreign
policy against another country is categorized as a state sponsor of terrorism or simply a terrorist state. Eg.PAK against India
How is it a threat to India’s internal security:
Large scale violent act can be carried out in India like 2008 Mumbai terror attack.
Sustained armed revolt against the state can be carried with the help of state. Eg – Insurgencies in N-E India and in
‘red corridor’ allegedly with the help of China.
Terrorists are given money and other assets, for weapons but also training, travel and accommodation to plan and
execute their attacks and develop as an organisation.
Radicalization and long term erosion of spirit of nationalism are caused by state sponsored terrorism, as had been
done by Pakistan.
In case of state sponsored terrorism, taking action against terrorist and dismantling their modus operandi become
difficult due protection enjoyed by terrorists.
Rise and spread of militant Islam in the Middle-East
Militant Islam arises from extremist interpretation of Islam .This has led to emergence of Hamas in Palestine, al Qaeda in
Iraq, Hezbollah in Lebanon, ISIS in Syria, Houthi’s in Yemen.
Impact on India’s internal security
Communalization of Kashmir Issue – The people who are fighting for greater autonomy in the Kashmir Valley
because of peculiar historical reasons may be misled by ISIS. This may further drive a wedge between Kashmir
sections of Society and Indian Union. The Islamic State terror group has claimed to have established a new
“province” in India.
Recruitment through propaganda – With new forms of propaganda such as through internet, militant organization
can woo youths by ideologically brainwashing them.
Dangers of Lone Wolf Attacks like the ones carried out in France. Such tactics by terrorists will be difficult to
tackle by investigative authorities.
Terror Funding – Militant organizations have a close nexus with organized crime in the subcontinent. In order to
increase its revenues there is possibility of rise in drug and human trafficking in the country.
Impact on social fabric – Atmosphere of insecurity and intolerance may spread through society, which can lead to
increase cases of hate crimes.
Possible Nexus with Naxalites – Due to declining presence and influence of Naxalites, they will be forced to find
allies in other terror organisations like ISIS which has access to rich resources like oil.
Radicalization of Diaspora – Incidence of radicalization of Diaspora can easily be seen in states of Kerala,
Maharashtra, Telangana and West Bengal. Kerala depends on remittances from the Gulf region for much of its
, economic well-being, which in turn translates into the Gulf’s political influence as well.
Spread of militant ideology – Enormous funding to Madrasa by extreme Islamic group may also cause spread of
extreme idea of Wahhabis & Salafism etc.
Increased spending on Security – This reduces the financial resources available to government to spend on capital
asset creation and welfare activities
External state and non-state actors in the Jammu & Kashmir region
External State actors refer to those entities which have formal backing of a sovereign state for carrying out any intended
action. Non state actors on the other hand, have a considerable power of influencing international events but they do not
have formal state backing. Examples of state actors are the army, bureaucracy, intelligence agencies etc. whereas non state
actors would be NGOs, civil society organizations, extremist outfits, multinational companies etc.
Challenge to internal security from external State actors in the Jammu & Kashmir region
Through political backing, economic assistance, logistic support, military training or arms supplies external State
actors have varyingly contributed to the ongoing violence in Jammu & Kashmir region
The state may carry out a limited war against Indian state and this might have ramifications for our internal security
too.
They might support the various insurgent groups, Naxalites, or separatist groups through funding, training or
logistics.
There have been instances where state actors have been responsible for carrying out cyber warfare through hacking
and other espionage.
Challenge to internal security from non - State actors in the Jammu & Kashmir region
Insurgency and terrorism are carried out by Lashkar-e-Taiba, Jaish-e-Mohammad in the state.
Non state actor – sponsored terrorism, often motivated by fundamentalist ideologies, backed by secretive but
efficient financial networks, use of IT, clandestine access to chemical-biological and nuclear materials, and illicit
drug trafficking, has emerged as a major threat to international stability.
These groups aim to not only create instability in states like J&K, they also have a larger aim of destabilizing the
country. This is done through sporadic terrorist strikes, which spreads terror and panic. This could also adversely
affect the ability of the Indian state to pursue economic modernization.
Drug trafficking – Inter and Intra state trafficking takes place, through golden crescent and golden triangle
routes. Drugs from Golden Crescent (Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran) have affected J&K and Punjab.
Counterfeit currency – It corrodes economy from inside, by facilitating black money and money laundering activities
as well as funding terrorism, which itself creates a demand for fake currency, thereby creating a positive feedback
loop. This is the issue arising especially from Pakistan.
Communalism – Propagandas are run and funded by enemy country and other non-state actors (NGOs and CSOs)
to destabilize India by damaging the socio-religious fabric and ensure riots.
China-Pakistan axis is a geo-strategic and security headache
Challenges posed by China-Pakistan axis at geostrategic horizon:
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: China is using Indian land area illegally occupied by Pakistan violating
sovereignty of India. Though China always maintained Jammu and Kashmir is a bilateral issue, India has concerns
over the internationalization of the Kashmir issue, reflected in criticism of removal of article 370.
, String of Pearls: Gwadar port of Pakistan can become outpost for PLA navy eventually along with massive port
development surrounding India in Sri-Lanka, Bangladesh. Growing influence of China in the Indian Ocean major
cause of worry for India.
Afghanistan Peace process: China and Pakistan working in close cooperation to bring Taliban to table and exclude
India from the political solution in Afghanistan, which will undermine Indian efforts, infrastructure and investments
in Afghanistan.
Threats to Indian interests overseas: China consistently blocking India’s membership in Nuclear Supplier Group at
the haste of Pakistan, first time ‘informal consultations’ on India-Pakistan dispute after 1971 due to Chinese
initiative.
Security headache:
Nuclear terrorism: China and Pakistan being nuclear states on the northern and western border make India country
with one of the most hostile neighbours with Pakistan, India has unresolved Kashmir issue and with China India do
not have mutually agreed boundary settlement. It necessities India to develop resilient security apparatus.
Proxy war in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh and Punjab: Pakistan has continuously tried to destabilize India
internally, with support to separatists.
Moral support and Training to North-east militancy groups and Left wing extremism: China in the post provided safe
havens, arms and training to northeast militant groups and moral support to left wing extremism.
Radicalization and Fundamentalism: Pakistan has been the center of Islamic fundamentalism and terrorism of the
world. It has indulged in many terror attacks on Indian cities and China supported Pakistan in UN repeatedly
reflected in repeated technical hold to designate JeM head Massod Azhar as terrorist who eventually declared so
with consistent diplomatic efforts.
Indian response to China-Pakistan Axis:
India has taken strong action against both China and Pakistan in the recent past with border stand-off with China in
dock-lam and surgical strike and air strike in Pakistan.
India refused to participate in Belt and Road Initiative of China becoming the only major economy.
India increased Strategic relationship with US reflected in the development of Quad to counter China.
India’s proactive diplomacy in West Asia has dented support to Pakistan from Islamic world.
Religious ideology as challenge
ISIS CHALLENGE
Islamic state previously known as the Islamic state of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), is a terror group which envisages
to establish an “Islamic state based on Sharia law or Islamic Caliphate”.
IS's Amaq News Agencyhas announced its new province in India, that it called “Wilayah of Hind”, but did
not elaborate on the branch's geographical remit.
In the past, IS had vowed to convert India into Khurasan State, a historic name for a region that covers
Afghanistan, Pakistan, parts of India, and other surrounding countries.
Why Islamic State is a challenge for India?
Involvement of other state actors- such as Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI), which can provide a
well-established intelligence and logistic network, in a symbiotic relationship. The NIA reported in 2014, the
recruitment of more than 300 Indian youths by Pakistan-based Tehreek-e-Taliban (TTP), which had joined
