Biochemistry Reviewer
Urinalysis: Composition, Examination, and Abnormalities
For Dentistry
WHAT IS URINE?
Urine is the fluid secreted by the kidneys, transported via ureters, stored in the bladder, and
voided through the urethra.
Normal urine is clear, straw-colored, slightly acidic, and has the odor of urea.
Specific gravity ranges from 1.003 to 1.035.
Normal constituents include water, urea, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,
phosphates, uric acid, organic salts, and urobilin pigment.
Abnormal constituents indicating disease include ketone bodies, protein, bacteria, blood,
glucose, pus, and certain crystals.
Normal urine volume: about 1-2 liters per day, varying with fluid intake, stress, and
illness.
Urine color varies with diet and concentration; more water intake generally dilutes urine
making it lighter.
URINE COLLECTION
Use a clean glass or plastic container.
Morning (overnight) urine sample is best.
If not processed within an hour, preserve by refrigeration or adding a few drops of
formalin or toluene.
URINE EXAMINATION
1. Physical Examination
2. Chemical Examination
3. Microscopic Examination
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Color:
Normal: yellow to amber
Blood present: brown to red
Bile present: produces yellow foam
Transparency:
Normal urine is clear, not cloudy.
Odor:
1
Urinalysis: Composition, Examination, and Abnormalities
For Dentistry
WHAT IS URINE?
Urine is the fluid secreted by the kidneys, transported via ureters, stored in the bladder, and
voided through the urethra.
Normal urine is clear, straw-colored, slightly acidic, and has the odor of urea.
Specific gravity ranges from 1.003 to 1.035.
Normal constituents include water, urea, sodium chloride, potassium chloride,
phosphates, uric acid, organic salts, and urobilin pigment.
Abnormal constituents indicating disease include ketone bodies, protein, bacteria, blood,
glucose, pus, and certain crystals.
Normal urine volume: about 1-2 liters per day, varying with fluid intake, stress, and
illness.
Urine color varies with diet and concentration; more water intake generally dilutes urine
making it lighter.
URINE COLLECTION
Use a clean glass or plastic container.
Morning (overnight) urine sample is best.
If not processed within an hour, preserve by refrigeration or adding a few drops of
formalin or toluene.
URINE EXAMINATION
1. Physical Examination
2. Chemical Examination
3. Microscopic Examination
PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
Color:
Normal: yellow to amber
Blood present: brown to red
Bile present: produces yellow foam
Transparency:
Normal urine is clear, not cloudy.
Odor:
1
