Pharm Final NUR-635
First order kinetics - answer occur when a constant proportion of the drug is eliminated
per unit time. Rate of elimination is proportional to the amount of drug in the body. The
higher the concentration, the greater the amount of drug eliminated per unit time. For
every half life that passes the drug concentration is halved.
What is the difference between first order and zero order kinetics? - answer First order
kinetics is a concentration-dependent process (i.e. the higher the concentration, the
faster the clearance), whereas zero order elimination rate is independent of
concentration.
Zero order kinetics - answerZero order elimination kinetics: a constant amount (eg. so
many milligrams) of drug is eliminated per unit time.
Steady State - answerFollowing repeated administration of a drug, a steady-state is
reached when the quantity of drug eliminated in the unit of time equals the quantity of
the drug that reaches the systemic circulation in the unit of time.
Average time to get to steady state - answer4-5 half-lives of a drug.
Phases of Drug Development before FDA approval - answerPhase I: pre-clinical
research with animal testing
Phase II: clinical research with human subjects
Phase III: research with humans -new drug vs w/placebo
Phase IV of drug development - answerPost-marketing study to identify adverse effects
not found in earlier clinical studies
Idiosyncratic drug reaction - answera type of reaction that cannot be predicted and is
not related to the dose or to the known effects of the drug.
Adverse drug reactions - answer85-90% are pharmacological. Usually preventable, can
include medication errors. FDA does not mandate reporting.
ACE inhibitors - answerangiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as Lisinopril,
captropril, enalapril, benazepril.
ACE-I mechanism of action - answerInhibits ACE of the RAAS system, which converts
angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2.
Net effect: decreases salt and water re-uptake, decreases vasoconstriction, reduces
blood volume and pressure.
First order kinetics - answer occur when a constant proportion of the drug is eliminated
per unit time. Rate of elimination is proportional to the amount of drug in the body. The
higher the concentration, the greater the amount of drug eliminated per unit time. For
every half life that passes the drug concentration is halved.
What is the difference between first order and zero order kinetics? - answer First order
kinetics is a concentration-dependent process (i.e. the higher the concentration, the
faster the clearance), whereas zero order elimination rate is independent of
concentration.
Zero order kinetics - answerZero order elimination kinetics: a constant amount (eg. so
many milligrams) of drug is eliminated per unit time.
Steady State - answerFollowing repeated administration of a drug, a steady-state is
reached when the quantity of drug eliminated in the unit of time equals the quantity of
the drug that reaches the systemic circulation in the unit of time.
Average time to get to steady state - answer4-5 half-lives of a drug.
Phases of Drug Development before FDA approval - answerPhase I: pre-clinical
research with animal testing
Phase II: clinical research with human subjects
Phase III: research with humans -new drug vs w/placebo
Phase IV of drug development - answerPost-marketing study to identify adverse effects
not found in earlier clinical studies
Idiosyncratic drug reaction - answera type of reaction that cannot be predicted and is
not related to the dose or to the known effects of the drug.
Adverse drug reactions - answer85-90% are pharmacological. Usually preventable, can
include medication errors. FDA does not mandate reporting.
ACE inhibitors - answerangiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors such as Lisinopril,
captropril, enalapril, benazepril.
ACE-I mechanism of action - answerInhibits ACE of the RAAS system, which converts
angiotensin 1 to angiotensin 2.
Net effect: decreases salt and water re-uptake, decreases vasoconstriction, reduces
blood volume and pressure.
