,Solution manual for Macroeconomics for Today ,
11th Edition Irvin B. Tucker
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you 10 or five pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many new
editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
Instructor Manual
Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs
to Economics
Table of Contents
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ............................................................................................................... 2
Cengage Supplements .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Key Terms ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2
What’s New in This Chapter ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................................................... 3
Discussion Questions..................................................................................................................................................... 3
Additional Activities and Assignments.................................................................................................................... 4
Appendix ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Generic Rubrics .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Standard Writing Rubric ............................................................................................................................ 7
Standard Discussion Rubric........................................................................................................................ 7
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter
The purpose of the Appendix to Chapter 01 is to examine how economic models and principles
can be expressed graphically. In economics, graphs are used as visual aids to illustrate
relationships between economic variables. If a relationship exists between two variables, then
the relationship can be either direct (also known as a positive relationship) or inverse (also
known as a negative relationship).
A direct relationship between two variables means that as one variable increases, this causes the
other variable to also increase in value, and vice versa. A direct relationship is illustrated
graphically as an upward sloping, or positively sloped line or curve.
An inverse relationship between two variables means that as one variable increases, this causes
the other variable to decrease in value, and vice versa. An inverse relationship is illustrated
graphically as a downward sloping, or negatively sloped line or curve.
An independent relationship means there is no relationship between two variables. When one
variable changes, the other remains unchanged.
A shift in a curve (or line) occurs when the ceteris paribus assumption is relaxed and a third
variable, not on either axis of the graph, is allowed to change.
Cengage Supplements
The following product-level supplements provide additional information that may help you in
preparing your course. They are available in the Instructor Resource Center.
• PowerPoint Slides
• Test Bank
[return to top]
Key Terms
Direct relationship: A positive association between two variables. When one variable increases,
the other variable increases, and when one variable decreases, the other variable decreases.
Independent relationship: A zero association between two variables. When one variable
changes, the other variable remains unchanged.
Inverse relationship: A negative association between two variables. When one variable
increases, the other variable decreases, and vice versa.
Slope: The ratio of the change in the variable on the vertical axis (the rise or fall) to the change
in the variable on the horizontal axis (the run).
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
What’s New in This Chapter
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
• The “Conclusion” statements of the previous edition have been replaced with “Take
Note” statements. These Take Note statements have been carefully designed and
updated to highlight key concepts and are strategically placed within the appendix to
this chapter to enhance pedagogy. Students will be able to use these to remember key
points when reviewing the appendix to this chapter and studying for quizzes and tests. A
summary of these Take Note statements is provided at the end of the Appendix to
Chapter 01.
[return to top]
Chapter Outline
1A-1 A Direct Relationship
Exhibit A-1 “A Direct Relationship between Variables”
1A-2 An Inverse Relationship
Exhibit A-2 “An Inverse Relationship between Variables”
1A-3 The Slope of a Straight Line
Exhibit A-3 “An Independent Relationship between Variables”
1A-4 A Three-Variable Relationship in One Graph
Exhibit A-4 “Changes in Price, Quantity, and Income in Two Dimensions”
1A-5 A Helpful Study Hint for Using Graphs
[return to top]
Discussion Questions
You can assign these questions several ways: in a discussion forum in your LMS; as whole-class
discussions in person; or as a partner or group activity in class.
1. What is the relationship between the annual sale of umbrellas and the annual amount of
rainfall received in inches? How would this relationship be graphed?
ANSWER: Direct relationship. The line or curve slopes upward (positive slope). The variable
“annual sale of umbrellas” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis) because it is the
dependent variable, while the variable “annual amount of rainfall received in inches” would
be placed on the horizontal (or “X” axis) because it is the independent variable.
2. What is the relationship between a student's grade point average and the number of hours
spent studying per week? How would this relationship be graphed?
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
ANSWER: Direct relationship. The line or curve slopes upward (positive slope). The variable
“grade point average” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis) because it is the
dependent variable while the variable “hours spent studying per week” would be placed on
the horizontal (or “X” axis) because it is the independent variable.
3. What is the relationship between tuition and student enrollment at a university? How would
this relationship be graphed?
ANSWER: Inverse relationship. The line or curve slopes downward (negative slope). The
variable “student enrollment” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis) because it is
the dependent variable, while the variable "tuition" would be placed on the horizontal (or
“X” axis) because it is the independent variable.
[return to top]
Additional Activities and Assignments
I. Answers to even-numbered end-of-chapter Study Questions and Problems:
2. (a) There is an inverse relationship between the price per hamburger and the quantity
consumers will purchase at each alternative price.
(b) The numerical table is:
Price per Quantity of hamburgers
hamburger demanded per year
$4.00 20,000
3.00 40,000
2.00 60,000
1.00 80,000
(c) Most students will prefer the graphical model because of its clarity. See Figure 1A-1 below.
Figure 1A-1
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 4
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
II. “Analyze the Issue.” Here are some questions and suggested answers for further
analysis associated with the “A Closer Look” boxed features within this Chapter:
There are no “A Closer Look” boxed sections within the Appendix to Chapter 01.
III. CHAPTER 01 APPENDIX SUMMARY QUIZ. These are quiz questions not found in the
textbook or in the Test Bank:
1. A direct relationship exists when:
a. there is no association between two variables.
b. one variable increases and there is no change in the other variable.
c. one variable increases and the other variable increases.
d. one variable increases and the other variable decreases.
2. An inverse relationship exists when:
a. there is no association between two variables.
b. one variable increases and there is no change in the other variable.
c. one variable increases and the other variable increases.
d. one variable increases and the other variable decreases.
3. A direct relationship is expressed graphically as a:
a. positively sloped line or curve.
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 5
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
b. negatively sloped line or curve.
c. horizontal line.
d. vertical line.
4. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Slope is the ratio of the vertical change (the rise or fall) to the horizontal change (the
run).
b. A direct relationship is one in which two variables change in the same direction.
c. An inverse relationship is one in which two variables change in opposite directions.
d. An independent relationship is one in which two variables are unrelated.
e. All of the above.
ANSWERS TO APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 01 SUMMARY QUIZ
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. e
IV. CLASSROOM GAMES
Approximately 170 noncomputerized economic games (experiments) for use in the classroom
are available for free at http://www.marietta.edu/~delemeeg/games/. The following games
are recommended to help teach some of the concepts in this chapter:
There are no recommended games for this Appendix to Chapter 01.
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 6
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
Appendix
Generic Rubrics
Providing students with rubrics helps them understand expectations and components of
assignments. Rubrics help students become more aware of their learning process and progress,
and they improve students’ work through timely and detailed feedback.
Customize these rubric templates as you wish. The writing rubric indicates 40 points and the
discussion rubric indicates 30 points.
Standard Writing Rubric
Criteria Meets Requirements Needs Improvement Incomplete
Content The assignment clearly The assignment partially The assignment does not
and comprehensively addresses some or all address the questions in
addresses all questions in questions in the the assignment.
the assignment. assignment. 0 points
15 points 8 points
Organization and Clarity The assignment presents The assignment presents The assignment does not
ideas in a clear manner ideas in a mostly clear present ideas in a clear
and with strong manner and with a mostly manner and with strong
organizational structure. strong organizational organizational structure.
The assignment includes structure. The assignment The assignment includes
an appropriate includes an appropriate an introduction, content,
introduction, content, and introduction, content, and and conclusion, but
conclusion. Coverage of conclusion. Coverage of coverage of facts,
facts, arguments, and facts, arguments, and arguments, and
conclusions are logically conclusions are mostly conclusions are not
related and consistent. logically related and logically related and
10 points consistent. consistent.
7 points 0 points
Research The assignment is based The assignment is based The assignment is not
upon appropriate and upon adequate academic based upon appropriate
adequate academic literature but does not and adequate academic
literature, including peer- include peer-reviewed literature and does not
reviewed journals and journals and other include peer-reviewed
other scholarly work. scholarly work. journals and other
5 points 3 points scholarly work.
0 points
Research The assignment follows The assignment follows The assignment does not
the required citation some of the required follow the required
guidelines. citation guidelines. citation guidelines.
5 points 3 points 0 points
Grammar and Spelling The assignment has two The assignment has three The assignment is
or fewer grammatical and to five grammatical and incomplete or
spelling errors. spelling errors. unintelligible.
5 points 3 points 0 points
[return to top]
Standard Discussion Rubric
Criteria Meets Requirements Needs Improvement Incomplete
Participation Submits or participates in Does not participate or Does not participate in
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 7
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
discussion by the posted submit discussion by the discussion.
deadlines. Follows all posted deadlines. Does 0 points
assignment. instructions not follow instructions for
for initial post and initial post and responses.
responses. 3 points
5 points
Contribution Quality Comments stay on task. Comments may not stay Does not participate in
Comments add value to on task. Comments may discussion.
discussion topic. not add value to 0 points
Comments motivate other discussion topic.
students to respond. Comments may not
20 points motivate other students to
respond.
10 points
Etiquette Maintains appropriate Does not always maintain Does not participate in
language. Offers criticism appropriate language. discussion.
in a constructive manner. Offers criticism in an 0 points
Provides both positive and offensive manner.
negative feedback. Provides only negative
5 points feedback.
3 points
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 8
website, in whole or in part.
11th Edition Irvin B. Tucker
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you 10 or five pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many new
editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
Instructor Manual
Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs
to Economics
Table of Contents
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter ............................................................................................................... 2
Cengage Supplements .................................................................................................................................................. 2
Key Terms ........................................................................................................................................................................... 2
What’s New in This Chapter ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Chapter Outline ............................................................................................................................................................... 3
Discussion Questions..................................................................................................................................................... 3
Additional Activities and Assignments.................................................................................................................... 4
Appendix ............................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Generic Rubrics .......................................................................................................................................... 7
Standard Writing Rubric ............................................................................................................................ 7
Standard Discussion Rubric........................................................................................................................ 7
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
Purpose and Perspective of the Chapter
The purpose of the Appendix to Chapter 01 is to examine how economic models and principles
can be expressed graphically. In economics, graphs are used as visual aids to illustrate
relationships between economic variables. If a relationship exists between two variables, then
the relationship can be either direct (also known as a positive relationship) or inverse (also
known as a negative relationship).
A direct relationship between two variables means that as one variable increases, this causes the
other variable to also increase in value, and vice versa. A direct relationship is illustrated
graphically as an upward sloping, or positively sloped line or curve.
An inverse relationship between two variables means that as one variable increases, this causes
the other variable to decrease in value, and vice versa. An inverse relationship is illustrated
graphically as a downward sloping, or negatively sloped line or curve.
An independent relationship means there is no relationship between two variables. When one
variable changes, the other remains unchanged.
A shift in a curve (or line) occurs when the ceteris paribus assumption is relaxed and a third
variable, not on either axis of the graph, is allowed to change.
Cengage Supplements
The following product-level supplements provide additional information that may help you in
preparing your course. They are available in the Instructor Resource Center.
• PowerPoint Slides
• Test Bank
[return to top]
Key Terms
Direct relationship: A positive association between two variables. When one variable increases,
the other variable increases, and when one variable decreases, the other variable decreases.
Independent relationship: A zero association between two variables. When one variable
changes, the other variable remains unchanged.
Inverse relationship: A negative association between two variables. When one variable
increases, the other variable decreases, and vice versa.
Slope: The ratio of the change in the variable on the vertical axis (the rise or fall) to the change
in the variable on the horizontal axis (the run).
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
What’s New in This Chapter
The following elements are improvements in this chapter from the previous edition:
• The “Conclusion” statements of the previous edition have been replaced with “Take
Note” statements. These Take Note statements have been carefully designed and
updated to highlight key concepts and are strategically placed within the appendix to
this chapter to enhance pedagogy. Students will be able to use these to remember key
points when reviewing the appendix to this chapter and studying for quizzes and tests. A
summary of these Take Note statements is provided at the end of the Appendix to
Chapter 01.
[return to top]
Chapter Outline
1A-1 A Direct Relationship
Exhibit A-1 “A Direct Relationship between Variables”
1A-2 An Inverse Relationship
Exhibit A-2 “An Inverse Relationship between Variables”
1A-3 The Slope of a Straight Line
Exhibit A-3 “An Independent Relationship between Variables”
1A-4 A Three-Variable Relationship in One Graph
Exhibit A-4 “Changes in Price, Quantity, and Income in Two Dimensions”
1A-5 A Helpful Study Hint for Using Graphs
[return to top]
Discussion Questions
You can assign these questions several ways: in a discussion forum in your LMS; as whole-class
discussions in person; or as a partner or group activity in class.
1. What is the relationship between the annual sale of umbrellas and the annual amount of
rainfall received in inches? How would this relationship be graphed?
ANSWER: Direct relationship. The line or curve slopes upward (positive slope). The variable
“annual sale of umbrellas” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis) because it is the
dependent variable, while the variable “annual amount of rainfall received in inches” would
be placed on the horizontal (or “X” axis) because it is the independent variable.
2. What is the relationship between a student's grade point average and the number of hours
spent studying per week? How would this relationship be graphed?
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
ANSWER: Direct relationship. The line or curve slopes upward (positive slope). The variable
“grade point average” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis) because it is the
dependent variable while the variable “hours spent studying per week” would be placed on
the horizontal (or “X” axis) because it is the independent variable.
3. What is the relationship between tuition and student enrollment at a university? How would
this relationship be graphed?
ANSWER: Inverse relationship. The line or curve slopes downward (negative slope). The
variable “student enrollment” would be placed on the vertical axis (or “Y” axis) because it is
the dependent variable, while the variable "tuition" would be placed on the horizontal (or
“X” axis) because it is the independent variable.
[return to top]
Additional Activities and Assignments
I. Answers to even-numbered end-of-chapter Study Questions and Problems:
2. (a) There is an inverse relationship between the price per hamburger and the quantity
consumers will purchase at each alternative price.
(b) The numerical table is:
Price per Quantity of hamburgers
hamburger demanded per year
$4.00 20,000
3.00 40,000
2.00 60,000
1.00 80,000
(c) Most students will prefer the graphical model because of its clarity. See Figure 1A-1 below.
Figure 1A-1
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 4
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
II. “Analyze the Issue.” Here are some questions and suggested answers for further
analysis associated with the “A Closer Look” boxed features within this Chapter:
There are no “A Closer Look” boxed sections within the Appendix to Chapter 01.
III. CHAPTER 01 APPENDIX SUMMARY QUIZ. These are quiz questions not found in the
textbook or in the Test Bank:
1. A direct relationship exists when:
a. there is no association between two variables.
b. one variable increases and there is no change in the other variable.
c. one variable increases and the other variable increases.
d. one variable increases and the other variable decreases.
2. An inverse relationship exists when:
a. there is no association between two variables.
b. one variable increases and there is no change in the other variable.
c. one variable increases and the other variable increases.
d. one variable increases and the other variable decreases.
3. A direct relationship is expressed graphically as a:
a. positively sloped line or curve.
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 5
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
b. negatively sloped line or curve.
c. horizontal line.
d. vertical line.
4. Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Slope is the ratio of the vertical change (the rise or fall) to the horizontal change (the
run).
b. A direct relationship is one in which two variables change in the same direction.
c. An inverse relationship is one in which two variables change in opposite directions.
d. An independent relationship is one in which two variables are unrelated.
e. All of the above.
ANSWERS TO APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 01 SUMMARY QUIZ
1. c
2. d
3. a
4. e
IV. CLASSROOM GAMES
Approximately 170 noncomputerized economic games (experiments) for use in the classroom
are available for free at http://www.marietta.edu/~delemeeg/games/. The following games
are recommended to help teach some of the concepts in this chapter:
There are no recommended games for this Appendix to Chapter 01.
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 6
website, in whole or in part.
,Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
Appendix
Generic Rubrics
Providing students with rubrics helps them understand expectations and components of
assignments. Rubrics help students become more aware of their learning process and progress,
and they improve students’ work through timely and detailed feedback.
Customize these rubric templates as you wish. The writing rubric indicates 40 points and the
discussion rubric indicates 30 points.
Standard Writing Rubric
Criteria Meets Requirements Needs Improvement Incomplete
Content The assignment clearly The assignment partially The assignment does not
and comprehensively addresses some or all address the questions in
addresses all questions in questions in the the assignment.
the assignment. assignment. 0 points
15 points 8 points
Organization and Clarity The assignment presents The assignment presents The assignment does not
ideas in a clear manner ideas in a mostly clear present ideas in a clear
and with strong manner and with a mostly manner and with strong
organizational structure. strong organizational organizational structure.
The assignment includes structure. The assignment The assignment includes
an appropriate includes an appropriate an introduction, content,
introduction, content, and introduction, content, and and conclusion, but
conclusion. Coverage of conclusion. Coverage of coverage of facts,
facts, arguments, and facts, arguments, and arguments, and
conclusions are logically conclusions are mostly conclusions are not
related and consistent. logically related and logically related and
10 points consistent. consistent.
7 points 0 points
Research The assignment is based The assignment is based The assignment is not
upon appropriate and upon adequate academic based upon appropriate
adequate academic literature but does not and adequate academic
literature, including peer- include peer-reviewed literature and does not
reviewed journals and journals and other include peer-reviewed
other scholarly work. scholarly work. journals and other
5 points 3 points scholarly work.
0 points
Research The assignment follows The assignment follows The assignment does not
the required citation some of the required follow the required
guidelines. citation guidelines. citation guidelines.
5 points 3 points 0 points
Grammar and Spelling The assignment has two The assignment has three The assignment is
or fewer grammatical and to five grammatical and incomplete or
spelling errors. spelling errors. unintelligible.
5 points 3 points 0 points
[return to top]
Standard Discussion Rubric
Criteria Meets Requirements Needs Improvement Incomplete
Participation Submits or participates in Does not participate or Does not participate in
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 7
website, in whole or in part.
, Instructor Manual: Tucker, Economics for Today, ISBN: 9780357720936; Appendix to Chapter 01: Applying Graphs to Economics
discussion by the posted submit discussion by the discussion.
deadlines. Follows all posted deadlines. Does 0 points
assignment. instructions not follow instructions for
for initial post and initial post and responses.
responses. 3 points
5 points
Contribution Quality Comments stay on task. Comments may not stay Does not participate in
Comments add value to on task. Comments may discussion.
discussion topic. not add value to 0 points
Comments motivate other discussion topic.
students to respond. Comments may not
20 points motivate other students to
respond.
10 points
Etiquette Maintains appropriate Does not always maintain Does not participate in
language. Offers criticism appropriate language. discussion.
in a constructive manner. Offers criticism in an 0 points
Provides both positive and offensive manner.
negative feedback. Provides only negative
5 points feedback.
3 points
[return to top]
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 8
website, in whole or in part.
