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, PE R I O D I C TA B L E OF THE EL E M E N T S
1 18
IA VIIIA
1 2
Atomic number 6
H 2 IUPAC recommendations: 13 14 15 16 17
He
Hydrogen Symbol C Helium
1.0079 IIA Chemical Abstracts Service group notation: IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.0026
Name (IUPAC) Carbon
4 Atomic mass 12.011
3 5 6 7 8 9 10
LI Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Berylium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.941 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22,990 24.305 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB VIIIB VIIIB IB IIB 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Ge rmanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.798
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba *La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra #Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Flerovium Livermorium
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (277) (268) (281) (272) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
*Lanthanide Se ries Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Sama rium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
# Actinide Se ries Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
, Table 3.1 Relative Strength of Selected Acids and Their Conjugate Bases
Conjugate
Acid Approximate pKa Base
Strongest acid HSbF6 < −12 SbF−6 Weakest base
HI −10 I−
H2SO4 −9 HSO− 4
HBr −9 Br−
HCl −7 Cl−
C6H5SO3H −6.5 C6H5SO− 3
+
(CH3)2OH −3.8 (CH3)2O
+
(CH3)2C=OH −2.9 (CH3)2C=O
+
(CH3)OH2 −2.5 CH3OH
H3O+ −1.74 H2O
HNO3 −1.4 NO−
Increasing base strength
3
CF3CO2H 0.18 CF3CO−
Increasing acid strength
2
HF 3.2 F−
C6H5CO2H 4.21 C6H5CO−2
C6H5NH+
3 4.63 C6H5NH2
CH3CO2H 4.75 CH3CO−2
H2CO3 6.35 HCO−3
−
CH3COCH2COCH3 9.0 CH3COCHCOCH3
NH+
4 9.2 NH3
C6H5OH 9.9 C6H5O−
HCO−
3 10.2 CO32−
CH3NH+ 3 10.6 CH3NH2
H2O 15.7 HO−
CH3CH2OH 16 CH3CH2O−
(CH3)3COH 18 (CH3)3CO−
CH3COCH3 19.2 −
CH2COCH3
HC≡CH 25 HC≡C−
C6H5NH2 31 C6H5NH−
H2 35 H−
(i-Pr)2NH 36 (i-Pr)2N−
NH3 38 −
NH2
CH2=CH2 44 CH2=CH−
Weakest acid CH3CH3
Strongest base
50 CH3CH−
2
, PE R I O D I C TA B L E OF THE EL E M E N T S
1 18
IA VIIIA
1 2
Atomic number 6
H 2 IUPAC recommendations: 13 14 15 16 17
He
Hydrogen Symbol C Helium
1.0079 IIA Chemical Abstracts Service group notation: IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 4.0026
Name (IUPAC) Carbon
4 Atomic mass 12.011
3 5 6 7 8 9 10
LI Be B C N O F Ne
Lithium Berylium Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.941 9.0122 10.811 12.011 14.007 15.999 18.998 20.180
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
22,990 24.305 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIIIB VIIIB VIIIB IB IIB 26.982 28.086 30.974 32.065 35.453 39.948
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Ge rmanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.098 40.078 44.956 47.867 50.942 51.996 54.938 55.845 58.933 58.693 63.546 65.409 69.723 72.64 74.922 78.96 79.904 83.798
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.468 87.62 88.906 91.224 92.906 95.94 (98) 101.07 102.91 106.42 107.87 112.41 114.82 118.71 121.76 127.60 126.90 131.29
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba *La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.91 137.33 138.91 178.49 180.95 183.84 186.21 190.23 192.22 195.08 196.97 200.59 204.38 207.2 208.98 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118
Fr Ra #Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Uut Fl Uup Lv Uus Uuo
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Flerovium Livermorium
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (266) (264) (277) (268) (281) (272) (285) (284) (289) (288) (293) (294) (294)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
*Lanthanide Se ries Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Sama rium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
140.12 140.91 144.24 (145) 150.36 151.96 157.25 158.93 162.50 164.93 167.26 168.93 173.04 174.97
90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
# Actinide Se ries Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
232.04 231.04 238.03 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
, Table 3.1 Relative Strength of Selected Acids and Their Conjugate Bases
Conjugate
Acid Approximate pKa Base
Strongest acid HSbF6 < −12 SbF−6 Weakest base
HI −10 I−
H2SO4 −9 HSO− 4
HBr −9 Br−
HCl −7 Cl−
C6H5SO3H −6.5 C6H5SO− 3
+
(CH3)2OH −3.8 (CH3)2O
+
(CH3)2C=OH −2.9 (CH3)2C=O
+
(CH3)OH2 −2.5 CH3OH
H3O+ −1.74 H2O
HNO3 −1.4 NO−
Increasing base strength
3
CF3CO2H 0.18 CF3CO−
Increasing acid strength
2
HF 3.2 F−
C6H5CO2H 4.21 C6H5CO−2
C6H5NH+
3 4.63 C6H5NH2
CH3CO2H 4.75 CH3CO−2
H2CO3 6.35 HCO−3
−
CH3COCH2COCH3 9.0 CH3COCHCOCH3
NH+
4 9.2 NH3
C6H5OH 9.9 C6H5O−
HCO−
3 10.2 CO32−
CH3NH+ 3 10.6 CH3NH2
H2O 15.7 HO−
CH3CH2OH 16 CH3CH2O−
(CH3)3COH 18 (CH3)3CO−
CH3COCH3 19.2 −
CH2COCH3
HC≡CH 25 HC≡C−
C6H5NH2 31 C6H5NH−
H2 35 H−
(i-Pr)2NH 36 (i-Pr)2N−
NH3 38 −
NH2
CH2=CH2 44 CH2=CH−
Weakest acid CH3CH3
Strongest base
50 CH3CH−
2
