Biology 30 Final Exam Review Exam Questions And Answers

Abiogenesis - ANS Theory that life can from from non-living things. Redi - ANS Conducted an the rotting meet + flies experiment using mesh to prove biogenesis. No one believed him. Needham - ANS Proved abiogenesis by boiling mutton broth with a cork. Spallanzani - ANS Reviewed/ disproved Needham's experiments. Louis Pasteur - ANS Created to Swan's Neck Tube to prove the theory of biogenesis. Developed first vaccinations for rabies, anthrax, etc. Van Leeuwenhoek - ANS Developed the first microscope with lenses. Robert Hook - ANS Was the first to look at a cell, and name it a "cell". Cell Theory - ANS 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of life. 3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells. Biogenesis - ANS Life must come from living things Characteristics of Living Things - ANS - Living things are made up of cells - Living things reproduce - Living things are based on a universal genetic code - Living things grow & develop - Living things obtain & use material energy - They respond to their environment - Maintain a stable internal environment - Taken as a group, living things evolve over time Evolution - ANS The change of a species over time. Natural Selection - ANS - Proved by fossil evidence - Weak variations died off, favourable traits survived and species would reproduce so that these made up the majority of the population (survival of the fittest). The Four Basic Principles of Natural Selection - ANS 1. Organisms have more offspring than that can survive (Over Production) 2. Individuals in a population show variation (Variation of traits) 3. These variations are inherited (Heritability) 4. Variations that increase survival or reproductive success will be more common in the next generations (If you're dead you cannot reproduce) Evidence for Evolution - ANS - Fossil Record - Comparative Anatomy - Comparative embryology and biochemistry Analogous Structures (Comparative Anatomy) - ANS Similar features in use, and evolve in similar environments but DO NOT EVOLVE FROM COMMON ANCESTOR. Homologous Structures (Comparative Anatomy) - ANS Used to describe anatomically similar structures inherited from a common ancestor. Vestigial Structures (comparative Anatomy) - ANS Ex. tail vertebrae & ear muscles & muscle in forearm that prove we are closely linked to other species. Cladograms - ANS Study physical traits Phylogenetic Trees - ANS Study genetics (DNA codes) 5 Principles of the Hardy-Weinberg Principle - ANS 1. No natural selection 2. No migration 3. No mutations 4. No genetic drift 5. No sexual selection Principle of Dominance (Mendel's Laws) - ANS - Dominant traits are expressed if only one allele is present. - Recessive traits are expressed when dominant allele is not present. - Explains why genotype differs from phenotype. Law of Segregation (Mendel's Laws) - ANS - Allele airs separate during gamete formation. - Randomly unite at fertilization. Law of Independent Assortment (Mendel's Laws) - ANS - Alleles for different traits are distributed to sex cells independently - Different traits are inherited INDEPENDENTLY. .Incomplete Dominance (AKA Co-dominance) - ANS - When you see more than 2 traits. - Heterozygous = new phenotype - Ex. when red flowers are crossed with white flowers and produce a third phenotype, pink flowers, when one allele from each genotype is present. An Example of Co-dominance - ANS ABO blood typing. Blood types A and B are co dominants, and when the genotypes are crossed they create the blood type AB. Test Crosses - ANS - Cross of an unknown dominant genotype with a homozygous recessive. - F1 shows genotype of the unknown dominant parent. - If all children dominant = XX. If any children recessive = Xx. Sex-linked traits - ANS - Always carried on the X chromosome. - Hemophilia and colorblindness and sex-linked. Genotype - ANS Set of alleles. Ex; TT, Tt and tt Phenotype - ANS What I see. Ex. TT= Tall, Tt= Tall, tt= short. Chromosomes - ANS - Women have two sex chromosomes, XX - Men have two sex chromosomes, XY - Humans have 2 sex chromosomes and 44 autosomal chromosomes (44 total). - X-linked traits show up in males & females. - Y-linked traits show up only in males.