Biology 30 Final Review Questions And Answers

nervous system - ANS brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Helps maintain homeostasis glial cells - ANS cells of the nervous system that support, nourish neurons. Remove wastes, defend against infection neurons - ANS cell that is the functional unit of the nervous system sensory neuron - ANS neuron that relay information about environment to the CNS interneurons - ANS neuron that link neurons within body. Found mainly in the brain and spinal cord motor neuron - ANS neuron that relay information from CNS to the effectors (muscles/glands) reflex arc - ANS simplest nerve pathway that contains receptor, sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron, and effector dendrite - ANS receive information from sensory receptor and relay it to cell body cell body - ANS processes information from dendrite and relays it to the axon axon - ANS carries impulses away from the cell body myelin - ANS fatty protein on axons that speeds the rate of nerve impulse transmission schwann cells - ANS cells that form myelin node of ranvier - ANS areas between sections of myelin sheath neurilemma - ANS promotes regeneration of damaged axons. Found on nerve fibers of PNS myelinated - ANS axons that have myelin are called _____ unmyelinated - ANS axons that do not have myelin are called _______ white matter - ANS nerves that are myelinated and contain neurilemma grey matter - ANS nerves that are unmyelinated and do not contain neurilemma resting membrane potential - ANS the potential of this is -70mV sodium-potassium exchange pump - ANS ATP pumps 3 Na out for every 2 K in. This makes outside more positive than inside, making charge of inside -70mV. Helps in maintaining the resting membrane potential action potential - ANS nerve cell becomes excited, membrane is permeable to Na+ than K+ nerve cell becomes excited, membrane is permeable to Na+ than K+ - ANS Na+ flows inside cell, making it more positive repolarization - ANS K+ flows inside cell, making it negative once again refractory period - ANS period of time required for the nerve cell to become repolarized. Nerves conducting an impulse cannot be activated during this time multiple sclerosis - ANS condition where the breakdown of myelin in the CNS, and the nerve impulse rate slows down synapse - ANS link between neurons or effectors neuromuscular junction - ANS synapse between motor neurons and muscle cells neurotransmitter - ANS contain transmitter chemicals, located at the end of an axon acetylcholine - ANS an excitatory transmitter. Opens Na channels in postsynaptic neuron cholinesterase - ANS neurotransmitter that follows acetylcholine and destroys it. This causes the Na channels to close, muscles relax saltatory conduction - ANS conduction of an impulse along myelinated neurons central nervous system - ANS regulation centre of nervous system, made of brain, spinal cord hindbrain - ANS part of the brain that consists of the cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and the pons cerebellum - ANS part of the hindbrain that is walnut shaped; controls posture, reflexes, and fine voluntary movements medulla oblongata - ANS part of the hindbrain that controls automatic, involuntary response; heart rate, cough, breathing pons - ANS part of the hindbrain that relays information between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex midbrain - ANS part of the brain that connects hindbrain and forebrain; relays visual and auditory information forebrain - ANS part of the brain that consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebrum thalamus - ANS part of the forebrain that connects to various parts; relays information from the senses hypothalamus - ANS part of the forebrain that regulates blood pressure, temperature, basic drives and emotions cerebrum - ANS part of the forebrain that is the largest part of brain; intellect, memory, consciousness, and language cerebrum - ANS this part of the brain is divided into two hemispheres; the left and right hemisphere frontal lobe - ANS lobe of the cerebrum associated with thought, personality, intelligence, memory, voluntary control broca's area - ANS area of the frontal lobe that coordinates thought into speech parietal lobe - ANS lobe of the cerebrum that receive sensory information from skin, and information about body posture temporal lobe - ANS lobe of the cerebrum that are associated with auditory reception and language wernicke's area - ANS area of the temporal lobe that stores information involved in language occipital lobe - ANS lobe of the cerebrum that receives and processes visual information corpus callosum - ANS connects the left and right hemisphere of the brain peripheral nervous system - ANS nervous system of the body containing nerves that link brain and spinal cord to rest of body somatic system - ANS system of the PNS that is under voluntary control; monitors external and muscle movement autonomic system - ANS system of the PNS that is under involuntary control, maintains homeostasis autonomic system - ANS this system is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system sympathetic system - ANS activated in stressful situations; flight-or-fight response norepinephrine - ANS neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system during stressful situations. It has an excitatory effect on muscles epinephrine - ANS neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system during stressful situations. It activates the body's stress responses and inhibits digestion parasympathetic system - ANS activated when the body is calm and at rest; rest and digest acetylcholine - ANS controls organ responses; slows heart rate, promotes digestion sensory receptors - ANS end of sensory neuron; respond to specific stimuli from environment sensory adaptation - ANS receptor is familiar to a stimulus. It is present but no longer fires taste - ANS taste buds on the tongue/ specific chemicals stimulate the receptors smell - ANS olfactory (smell) cells are located in nasal cavity olfactory cells - ANS smell cells eye - ANS composed of 3 layers: sclera, choroid, retina sclera - ANS outer covering of eye; supports inner layers. Maintains eye shape cornea - ANS front of sclera; bends light towards the pupil choroid layer - ANS middle layer of the eye