In a healthy cell, the outer membranes of its mitochondria display...
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...the protein Bcl-2 on their surface. Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis.
Reperfusion injury occurs when...
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... blood flow is restored to tissue that has been anoxic and surviving by
anaerobic metabolism. As soon as blood flow is restored and oxygen
provided, there is a tremendous burst of oxidative metabolism, which
results in the accumulation of oxygen radicals. Oxygen radicals cause lipid
peroxidation of cell membranes, single strand breaks in DNA, and
impairment of protein synthesis in the cell.
Effect of the drop in ATP causing the Na-K-ATPase pump on the cell membrane to fail
(Normally extracellular Na+ > intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+ < intracellular K+.
The pump functions to retrieve potassium ions and bring them back into the cell and
retrieve sodium ions and move them out of the cell)
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Ion concentration controls volume of cell --> increased intracellular Na+ -->
cell would (and all organelles) swell/oncosis
When the rough ER swells, the ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis
stops.
Calcium ions gain abnormal entry into the cell and into the organelles
within the cell, including the mitochondria
Prevalence
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, The prevalence of a disease involves the number of cases existing (both
old and new) in a given time period.
Three ways free radicals are formed
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i. The interaction of ionizing radiation with biological molecules
ii. An unavoidable byproduct of cellular respiration. Some electrons
passing "down" the electron transport chain leak away from the main path
(especially as they pass through complexes I and III) and go directly to
reduce oxygen molecules to the superoxide anion.
iii. Synthesized by dedicated enzymes in phagocytic cells like neutrophils
and macrophages
NADPH oxidase (in both type of phagocytes) myeloperoxidase (in
neutrophils only)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
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Converts two superoxide anions into a molecule of hydrogen peroxide and
one of oxygen,
When confronted with a decrease in work demands or adverse environmental
conditions...
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...the protein Bcl-2 on their surface. Bcl-2 inhibits apoptosis.
Reperfusion injury occurs when...
,Give this one a try later!
... blood flow is restored to tissue that has been anoxic and surviving by
anaerobic metabolism. As soon as blood flow is restored and oxygen
provided, there is a tremendous burst of oxidative metabolism, which
results in the accumulation of oxygen radicals. Oxygen radicals cause lipid
peroxidation of cell membranes, single strand breaks in DNA, and
impairment of protein synthesis in the cell.
Effect of the drop in ATP causing the Na-K-ATPase pump on the cell membrane to fail
(Normally extracellular Na+ > intracellular Na+ and extracellular K+ < intracellular K+.
The pump functions to retrieve potassium ions and bring them back into the cell and
retrieve sodium ions and move them out of the cell)
Give this one a try later!
Ion concentration controls volume of cell --> increased intracellular Na+ -->
cell would (and all organelles) swell/oncosis
When the rough ER swells, the ribosomes fall off and protein synthesis
stops.
Calcium ions gain abnormal entry into the cell and into the organelles
within the cell, including the mitochondria
Prevalence
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, The prevalence of a disease involves the number of cases existing (both
old and new) in a given time period.
Three ways free radicals are formed
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i. The interaction of ionizing radiation with biological molecules
ii. An unavoidable byproduct of cellular respiration. Some electrons
passing "down" the electron transport chain leak away from the main path
(especially as they pass through complexes I and III) and go directly to
reduce oxygen molecules to the superoxide anion.
iii. Synthesized by dedicated enzymes in phagocytic cells like neutrophils
and macrophages
NADPH oxidase (in both type of phagocytes) myeloperoxidase (in
neutrophils only)
Superoxide dismutase (SOD)
Give this one a try later!
Converts two superoxide anions into a molecule of hydrogen peroxide and
one of oxygen,
When confronted with a decrease in work demands or adverse environmental
conditions...
Give this one a try later!
