BIO-30 OVERALL REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

DNA - ANS deoxyribonucleic acid GENE - ANS A segment of DNA that codes of a protein Prokaryote - ANS Cells that do not have a membrane around the nucleus or organelles Eukaryotic - ANS cells that have membranes 1928 Griffith Experiment - ANS Bacterial study on mice and demonstrated the transformation factor 1952 Hershey and Chase - ANS -Used Bacteriophages -Found out that DNA is the genetics material 1953 Watson and Crick - ANS Generated The Double Helix Model Rosalind Franklin - ANS Found that DNA is made up of 2 strands and the strands are always equidistant DNA is made up of - ANS deoxyribose sugar, phosphate, and 1 of 4 nitrogen base Backbone of DNA - ANS sugar and phosphate Middle of DNA - ANS nitrogen bases Purines (Long) - ANS Adenine and guanine Pyrimidines - ANS Cytosine and Thymine Pair up the nucleotide bases with their complementary partners. - ANS A pyrimidine and purine must ALWAYS pair up Edwin Chargaff - ANS Amount of adenine always equals amount of thymine and cytosine must always equal guanine Complimentary base pairing - ANS A-T G-C Nucleotides - ANS (sugar, phosphate and a nitrogen base) are the building blocks of DNA. IN the middle are weak hydrogen bonds DNA replication - ANS The process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself for growth, repair and reproduction semiconservative replication - ANS -Each original parent strand serves as a template for the other half -Process requires several steps with many enzymes Helicase - ANS An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA and is a restriction enzyme SCR Step 1 - ANS DNA double helix unwinds and unzips so that the nitrogen bases are exposed with the help of helicase SCR Step 2 - ANS New nucleotides(stored in the nucleolus and made from food) attach to the open nucleotides on the template strands following Complimentary Base Pairing DNA polymerase - ANS Enzyme that attaches new nucleotides to old ones and is also falls under the ligases enzyme classifications SCR Step 3 - ANS DNA strands wind back up SCR Step 4 - ANS DNA polymerase runs through both strands (proof reads) and corrects any mis-pairings Autosomes - ANS chromosomes 1-22 sex chromosomes - ANS Chromosome 23 What are chromosomes made of? - ANS histones ( Protein wrapped in DNA) Chromosomes are organized by - ANS Size, Banding power and centromere position What does Genes provide in term of nitrogen bases - ANS the sequence of nitrogen bases that spell out where the amino acids are placed Pseudo genes - ANS is a space that help make chromosomes bigger Where is DNA found? - ANS nucleus of a cell Where are proteins assembled - ANS ribosomes and made from amino acids What is RNA made of? - ANS nucleotides which is a sugar(ribose), phosphate and 4 nitrogen bases Adenine,Uracil,cytosine,gunaine Is RNA single stranded? - ANS Yes, RNA is single-stranded What is the function of MRNA - ANS Found in nucleus but can move to cytoplasm. Its job is to copy the gene in RNA language and bring to ribosome Triplet - ANS Its DNA language that reads 3 bases at a time Codons - ANS RNA nucleotides that were translated from triplets following Complimentary base pairings tRNA - ANS Found in cytoplasm and is folded into a clover leaf shape. Its job is to bring amino acids to the ribosomes so a protein can be assembled Anticodon - ANS A specific amino acid attached to a tRNA rRNA(ribosomal) - ANS Found in cytoplasm, it is structural RNA that binds to the ribsome to turn it on for protein synthesis Transcription - ANS happens in the nucleus and involves DNA and MRNA. DNA unwinds in the section that contains the gene of interest. Then the mRNA transcript is built from the DNA section. Enzymes used is helicase and RNA polymerase. Once the transcript is made the DNA winds back up Translation - ANS Happens in the cytoplasm and involves ribsomes,rRNA.tRNA and RNA and thus results in a protein being made Mutation - ANS change in a DNA sequence of an organism by either mutagen or a mistake in DNA replication Is the effect of DNA mutation are not visible until what stage - ANS Protein Synthesis point mutation - ANS Changes in the sequence of nitrogen bases Chromosomal mutation - ANS Extra or missing chromos during cell division PM - substitution - ANS A base is accidentally placed instead of another Silent mutation - ANS A mutation that changes a single nucleotide, but does not change the amino acid created. Non-sense mutation - ANS Protein stopped early. A serious mutation because it affects the whole protein and stops the protein. Addition/deletion - ANS a nucleotide is added or deleted from the sequence which then causes a frameshift mutation Cancer - ANS A mutation that results in uncontrolled cell division Oncogenes - ANS Genes that everyone has that cause uncontrolled cell division during embryonic development