NUR 376 Pathophysiology Exam 1 RM
Phases of Inflammation:
Vascular Permeability ANS: Inflammatory mediators (histamine, bradykin) stimulates blood vessel
dilation and opening of capillary pores. Capillary pores allows fluid and cells (WBCs and platelets) to
arrive at site of injury. Tissue becomes congested and swollen.
Phases of Inflammation:
Cellular Chemotaxis ANS: Chemical signal that calls out to WBC's to site of injury. Results in leukocytosis,
where WBCs are released from the bone marrow and into the blood stream.
**Doctor is able to analyze the type of WBC and number of WBCs to determine type and severity of
infection.
Phases of Inflammation:
Systemic Responses ANS: Patient experiences symptoms throughout the whole body such as:
-Fever
-lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
-pain
-sleepiness
-lethargy
-anemia
-weight loss
** Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, TNF-alpha, and ILs are responsible for many of these
effects
Lab values that indicate a patient is enduring an active inflammatory process ANS: CRP (C-reactive
protein) marks foreign material for phagocytosis, activates the complement system, and stimulates
other cytokines
,ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) measures clumps of red blood cells held together by fibrinogen
Antibody titer
PCR, which detects genetic material from infectious agents and can accurately detect extremely low
levels of pathogen
IgM and IgG - helps determine the stage of infection, as IgM is the first Ig to rise in response to infection,
and IgG rises later
Culture of the infected tissue or bodily fluid
Lab tests for HIV infection ANS: CD4 count
HIV viral load (or HIV RNA assay)
HIV drug resistance
Mediators of Inflammation (5) ANS: 1. Cytokines (Interleukins [ILs] & tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-
alpha])
-either amplify or deactivate inflammatory response
-stimulate liver to release acute phase proteins (CRP, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A and hepcidin)
2. Chemokines
- proteins that attract WBCs to site of injury
3. Acute phase proteins
-Facilitates WBC phagocytosis
4. Prostaglandins
5. Pyrogens
,What is acute inflammation? ANS: Short term inflammatory response that resolves once infection has
been resolved.
What is chronic inflammation? ANS: Ongoing infection for a long period of time
Ex: TB and autoimmune diseases
Stages of Infection (5) ANS: 1. Incubation Period (no identifiable symptoms)
2. Prodromal Stage (initial appearance of symptoms- MOST CONTAGIOUS
3. Acute stage (full infectious experience)
4. Convalescent (body fighting back, start to feel relief)
5. Resolution (Total elimination of infection)
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression ANS: Immunocompetence refers to the individuals ability
to protect themselves from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates partial or complete suppression of the immune response either naturally
as a result of disease or another condition or artificially induced to help the survival of an organ after a
transplant operation. People who are immunocompromised have a reduced ability to fight infections
and other diseases.
Portals of Entry (4) ANS: 1. Skin
2. Respiratory
3. GI tract
4. Urogenital tracts
Atrophy ANS: "Shrinking"
When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they shrink to decrease the demand and increase
efficiency.
, Metaplasia ANS: -Replacement of one cell by another cell type
-Generally occurs in response to chronic inflammation
to enable tissue survival
Role of pyrogens in fever ANS: Activate Prostaglandins to reset the hypothalamic temperature-
regulating center to a higher level
Apoptosis ANS: Genetically programmed death on cells that has no adverse effects on body
Antibody titer ANS: Level of antibody in the bloodstream and corresponds to the level of exposure to
the microbe
What is the first Ig (immunoglobin) to rise during infection? ANS: IgM
Innate immunity is? ANS: 1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity ANS: -Individual given pre made, fully formed antibodies against an
antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity ANS: Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired adaptive
immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Adaptive immunity is? ANS: -2nd line of defense against infection
Phases of Inflammation:
Vascular Permeability ANS: Inflammatory mediators (histamine, bradykin) stimulates blood vessel
dilation and opening of capillary pores. Capillary pores allows fluid and cells (WBCs and platelets) to
arrive at site of injury. Tissue becomes congested and swollen.
Phases of Inflammation:
Cellular Chemotaxis ANS: Chemical signal that calls out to WBC's to site of injury. Results in leukocytosis,
where WBCs are released from the bone marrow and into the blood stream.
**Doctor is able to analyze the type of WBC and number of WBCs to determine type and severity of
infection.
Phases of Inflammation:
Systemic Responses ANS: Patient experiences symptoms throughout the whole body such as:
-Fever
-lymphadenopathy (swollen lymph nodes)
-pain
-sleepiness
-lethargy
-anemia
-weight loss
** Inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandins, TNF-alpha, and ILs are responsible for many of these
effects
Lab values that indicate a patient is enduring an active inflammatory process ANS: CRP (C-reactive
protein) marks foreign material for phagocytosis, activates the complement system, and stimulates
other cytokines
,ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) measures clumps of red blood cells held together by fibrinogen
Antibody titer
PCR, which detects genetic material from infectious agents and can accurately detect extremely low
levels of pathogen
IgM and IgG - helps determine the stage of infection, as IgM is the first Ig to rise in response to infection,
and IgG rises later
Culture of the infected tissue or bodily fluid
Lab tests for HIV infection ANS: CD4 count
HIV viral load (or HIV RNA assay)
HIV drug resistance
Mediators of Inflammation (5) ANS: 1. Cytokines (Interleukins [ILs] & tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-
alpha])
-either amplify or deactivate inflammatory response
-stimulate liver to release acute phase proteins (CRP, fibrinogen, serum amyloid A and hepcidin)
2. Chemokines
- proteins that attract WBCs to site of injury
3. Acute phase proteins
-Facilitates WBC phagocytosis
4. Prostaglandins
5. Pyrogens
,What is acute inflammation? ANS: Short term inflammatory response that resolves once infection has
been resolved.
What is chronic inflammation? ANS: Ongoing infection for a long period of time
Ex: TB and autoimmune diseases
Stages of Infection (5) ANS: 1. Incubation Period (no identifiable symptoms)
2. Prodromal Stage (initial appearance of symptoms- MOST CONTAGIOUS
3. Acute stage (full infectious experience)
4. Convalescent (body fighting back, start to feel relief)
5. Resolution (Total elimination of infection)
Immunocompetence vs. Immunosuppression ANS: Immunocompetence refers to the individuals ability
to protect themselves from infectious agents because of a strong immune system.
Immunosuppression indicates partial or complete suppression of the immune response either naturally
as a result of disease or another condition or artificially induced to help the survival of an organ after a
transplant operation. People who are immunocompromised have a reduced ability to fight infections
and other diseases.
Portals of Entry (4) ANS: 1. Skin
2. Respiratory
3. GI tract
4. Urogenital tracts
Atrophy ANS: "Shrinking"
When cells cant meet metabolic requirements, they shrink to decrease the demand and increase
efficiency.
, Metaplasia ANS: -Replacement of one cell by another cell type
-Generally occurs in response to chronic inflammation
to enable tissue survival
Role of pyrogens in fever ANS: Activate Prostaglandins to reset the hypothalamic temperature-
regulating center to a higher level
Apoptosis ANS: Genetically programmed death on cells that has no adverse effects on body
Antibody titer ANS: Level of antibody in the bloodstream and corresponds to the level of exposure to
the microbe
What is the first Ig (immunoglobin) to rise during infection? ANS: IgM
Innate immunity is? ANS: 1st line of defense against infection
Nonspecific mechanism that defends the body immediately against all types of pathogens
Passive-acquired adaptive immunity ANS: -Individual given pre made, fully formed antibodies against an
antigen
-Provides immediate but short term immunity.
Ex: Infant acquiring antibodies in breast milk
Active acquired adaptive immunity ANS: Longer lasting immunity than passive-acquired adaptive
immunity but not permanent.
Ex: Vaccine
Adaptive immunity is? ANS: -2nd line of defense against infection
