, Solution manual for Legal Environment , 8th
Edition Jeffrey F. Beatty
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you 10 or five pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
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You can contact us at every time, we can
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, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
Solution and Answer Guide
Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
Table of Contents
Multiple Choice Questions............................................................................................................1
Case Questions..................................................................................................................................2
Discussion Questions........................................................................................................................3
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The United States Constitution is among the finest legal accomplishments in the history of
the world. Which of the following influenced Franklin, Jefferson, and the rest of the Founding
Fathers?
A. English common-law principles
B. The Iroquois’ system of federalism
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Both English common-law principles and the Iroquois’ system of federalism shaped the
Constitutional framers’ ideas.
2. Which of the following parts of the modern legal system are “borrowed” from medieval
England?
A. Jury trials
B. Special rules for selling land
C. Following precedent
D. All of the above
Answer: D. Countless parts of our modern system originated in Merry Olde England.
3. Union organizers at a hospital wanted to distribute leaflets to potential union members, but
hospital rules prohibited leafleting in areas of patient care, hallways, cafeterias, and any
areas open to the public. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), a government agency,
ruled that these restrictions violated the law and ordered the hospital to permit the activities
in the cafeteria and coffee shop. What kind of law was it creating?
A. A statute
B. Common law
C. A constitutional amendment
D. Administrative regulation
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
Answer: D. The NLRB, as an agency, creates regulations. Congress creates statutes, and
judges shape the common law.
4. If the Congress creates a new statute with the president’s support, it must pass the idea by a
____________ majority vote in the House and the Senate. If the president vetoes a proposed
statute and the Congress wishes to pass it without their support, the idea must pass by a
____________ majority vote in the House and the Senate.
A. simple; simple
B. simple; two-thirds
C. simple; three-fourths
D. two-thirds; three-fourths
Answer: B. More than 50 percent to pass initially (a simple majority), two-thirds if an
override is necessary.
5. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote “An unjust law is no law at all.” As such, “One has … a moral
responsibility to obey unjust laws.” Dr. King’s view is an example of:
A. legal realism.
B. jurisprudence.
C. legal positivism.
D. natural law.
Answer: D. It is an example of the natural law theory of jurisprudence.
Case Questions
1. Lance, an Internet hacker, stole 15,000 credit card numbers and sold them on the black
market, making millions. Police caught Lance, and two legal actions followed, one civil and
one criminal. Who will be responsible for bringing the civil case? What will be the outcome if
the jury believes that Lance was responsible for identity thefts? Who will be responsible for
bringing the criminal case? What will be the outcome if the jury believes that Lance stole the
numbers?
Answer: The civil cases will be brought by the victims of identity theft, and the outcome of a
successful case against Lance would be some type of monetary award for damages suffered.
The criminal case will be brought by state prosecutors and the outcome would be
imprisonment for Lance.
2. As The Oculist’s Case indicates, the medical profession has faced large number of lawsuits
for centuries. In Texas, a law provides that, so long as a doctor was not reckless and did not
intentionally harm a patient, recovery for “pain and suffering” is limited to no more than
$750,000. In many other states, no such limit exists. If a patient will suffer a lifetime of pain
after a botched operation, for example, they might recover millions in compensation. Which
rule seems more sensible to you—the “Texas” rule, or the alternative?
Answer: Answers will vary.
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
3. You Be the Judge: WRITING PROBLEM Should trials be televised? Here are a few arguments
to add to those in the chapter. You be the judge.
Arguments against Live Television Coverage: We have tried this experiment and it has
failed. Trials fall into two categories: Those that create great public interest and those that do
not. No one watches dull trials, so we do not need to broadcast them. The few that are
interesting have all become circuses. Judges and lawyers have shown that they cannot resist
the temptation to play to the camera. Trials are supposed to be about justice, not
entertainment. If a citizen seriously wants to follow a case, they can do it by reading online
news reports or the daily newspaper.
Arguments for Live Television Coverage: It is true that some televised trials have been
unseemly affairs, but that is the fault of the presiding judges, not the media. Indeed, one of
the virtues of television coverage is that millions of people now understand that we have a
lot of incompetent people running our courtrooms. The proper response is to train judges to
run a tight trial by prohibiting grandstanding by lawyers. Access to accurate information is
the foundation on which a democracy is built, and we must not eliminate a source of
valuable data just because some judges are ill-trained.
Answer: For most of the “You Be the Judge” writing problems, we provide the case citation
and holding. For this question, of course, there is no definitive answer.
4. Leslie Bergh and his two brothers, Milton and Raymond, formed a partnership to help build
a fancy saloon and dance hall in Evanston, Wyoming. Later, Leslie met with his friend and
drinking buddy, John Mills, and tricked Mills into investing in the saloon. Leslie did not tell Mills
that no one else was investing cash or that the entire enterprise was already bankrupt. Mills
mortgaged his home, invested $150,000 in the saloon—and lost every penny of it. Mills sued
all three partners for fraud. Milton and Raymond defended on the ground that they did not
commit the fraud, only Leslie did. The defendants lost. Was that fair? By holding them liable,
what general idea did the court rely on? What Anglo-Saxon legal custom did the ruling
resemble?
Answer: The partners are indeed liable. Bergh v. Mills, 763 P.2d 214 (Wyo. 1988). That is the
essence of a partnership: All partners are liable for the acts of any partner committed in the
partnership’s normal business. This is the general idea of collective responsibility. It relates
to the “tithing” of English legal history, in which all tithing members were legally responsible
for the conduct of the others.
5. The father of an American woman killed in the Paris terrorist attacks sued Twitter, Facebook,
and YouTube, alleging the sites knowingly allow ISIS terrorists to recruit members, raise
money, and spread extremist propaganda. The sites defended themselves by saying that
their policies prohibit terrorist recruitment and that, when alerted to it, they quickly remove
offending videos. What type of lawsuit is this—criminal or civil? What responsibilities, if any,
should social media sites have for the spread of terrorism?
Answer: The case is a civil case, but answers will vary as to the scope of the responsibilities
social media sites should have for the spread of terrorism.
Discussion Questions
1. In the 1980s, the Supreme Court ruled that it is legal for protesters to burn the American flag.
This activity counts as free speech under the Constitution. If the Court hears a new flag burning
case in this decade, should it consider changing its ruling, or should it follow precedent? Is
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
following past precedent something that seems sensible to you: always, usually, sometimes,
rarely, or never?
Answer: Answers will vary.
2. When should a business be held legally responsible for customer safety? Consider the
following statements, and consider the degree to which you agree or disagree:
a. A business should keep customers safe from its own employees.
b. A business should keep customers safe from other customers.
c. A business should keep customers safe from themselves. (Example: an intoxicated
customer who can no longer walk straight.)
d. A business should keep people outside its own establishment safe if it is reasonable to
do so.
Answer: Answers will vary.
3. In his most famous novel, The Red and the Black, the French author Stendhal (1783–1842)
wrote: “There is no such thing as ‘natural law’: this expression is nothing but old nonsense.
Prior to laws, what is natural is only the strength of the lion, or the need of the creature
suffering from hunger or cold, in short, need.” What do you think? Does legal positivism or
legal realism seem more sensible to you?
Answer: Natural law should be a question in the back of our minds throughout the course,
because it is a reminder of morality, and law without morality is despotism. Nonetheless,
Stendhal is obviously correct that both strength and need help to create law. The important
thing for this course is continually to apply moral principles to the rules you study, and make
your own determinations about whether natural law really plays a role.
4. Before becoming a Supreme Court justice, Sonia Sotomayor stated in a speech to students: “I
would hope that a wise Latina woman with the richness of her experiences would more often
than not reach a better conclusion than a white male who hasn’t lived that life.” During her
Senate confirmation proceedings, this statement was heavily probed and criticized. One
senator said that the focus of the hearings was to determine whether Judge Sotomayor would
“decide cases based only on the law as made by the people and their elected representatives,
not on personal feelings or politics.” (Sotomayor convinced many of her critics, because the
Senate confirmed her by a vote of 68–31.) Should judges ignore their life experiences and
feelings when making judicial decisions?
Answer: Answers will vary.
5. The late Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia argued that because courts are not elected
representative bodies, they have no business determining certain critical social issues. He
wrote:
Judges are selected precisely for their skill as lawyers; whether they reflect the policy views of
a particular constituency is not (or should not be) relevant. Not surprisingly then, the Federal
Judiciary is hardly a cross-section of America. Take, for example, this Court, which consists of
only nine men and women, all of them successful lawyers who studied at Harvard or Yale Law
School. Four of the nine are natives of New York City. Eight of them grew up in east- and west-
coast States. Only one hails from the vast expanse in-between. Not a single Southwesterner
or even, to tell the truth, a genuine Westerner (California does not count). Not a single
evangelical Christian (a group that comprises about one quarter of Americans), or even a
Protestant of any denomination. To allow [an important social issue] to be considered and
resolved by a select, patrician, highly unrepresentative panel of nine is to violate a principle
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 4
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
even more fundamental than no taxation without representation: no social transformation
without representation.
Do you agree?
Answer: Answers will vary.
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 5
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 2: Ethics and
Corporate Social Responsibility
Solution and Answer Guide
Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 2: Ethics
and Corporate Social Responsibility
Table of Contents
Multiple Choice Questions............................................................................................................1
Case Questions..................................................................................................................................2
Discussion Questions........................................................................................................................4
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The following statement is true:
A. Milton Friedman argued that a corporate leader's sole obligation is to make money for
the company's owners.
B. Milton Friedman argued that corporate leaders should consider the well-being of all
company stakeholders, not just shareholders.
C. Milton Friedman argued that lying for prosocial reasons is appropriate.
D. Milton Friedman argued that life prospects are a crucial determinant of success in life.
Answer: A
2. Which of the following wrote the book Utilitarianism and believed that ethical actions should
“generate the greatest good for the greatest number”?
A. Milton Friedman
B. John Stuart Mill
C. Immanuel Kant
D. John Rawls
Answer: B
3. Which of the following believed that the dignity of human beings must be respected and that
the most ethical decisions are made out of a sense of duty or obligation?
A. Milton Friedman
B. John Stuart Mill
C. Immanuel Kant
D. John Rawls
Answer: C
4. Kant believed that:
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 2: Ethics and
Corporate Social Responsibility
A. it is ethical to tell a lie if necessary to protect an innocent person from great harm.
B. it is ethical to tell a lie if the benefit of the lie outweighs the cost.
C. it is ethical to make a true, but misleading, statement.
D. it is wrong to tell an outright lie or to mislead.
Answer: D
5. The following statement is true:
A. Most people rarely lie.
B. Even people who do not believe in God are more likely to behave honestly after reading
the Ten Commandments.
C. Most people are accurate when comparing themselves to others.
D. People make their best ethical decisions when in a hurry.
Answer: B
Case Questions
1. Should engineers program driverless cars to protect pedestrians or the driver? Who gets to
decide? In one study, participants said that, if a car had to choose between ten pedestrians and
one driver, it should swerve into a wall, killing the driver and saving the ten people. But when
asked what car they would actually buy, participants chose the one that would protect them—
the driver. What would Kant and Mill say about this choice? What would result under the Front
Page test? If drivers chose to protect themselves, would they be to blame, legally or ethically,
for the deaths of the pedestrians?
Answer: Both Kant and Mill would say that driverless cars should kill the driver and save the ten
pedestrians. Under the categorical imperative, Kant believes you should not do something
unless you'd be willing for everyone else to do it, but here you'd be making a different decision
for yourself. Mill would say that saving ten lives maximizes overall happiness. It would be
embarrassing under the Front Page test for everyone to know that you had chosen yourself over
ten other people. It is difficult to think of the ethical argument for choosing one person over ten.
2. Located in Bath, Maine, Bath Iron Works builds high-tech warships for the Navy. Winning Navy
contracts is crucial to the company’s success—it means jobs for the community and profits for
the shareholders. Navy officials held a meeting at Bath’s offices with its executives and those of
a competitor to review the specs for an upcoming bid. Both companies desperately wanted to
win the contract. After the meeting, a Bath worker realized that one of the Navy officials had left
a folder on a chair labeled “Business Sensitive.” It contained information about the competitors’
bid that would be a huge advantage to Bath. William Haggett, the Bath CEO, was notified about
the file just as he was walking out the door to give a luncheon speech. What ethics traps did he
face? How could he avoid these traps? What would result if he considered Mill, Kant, or the
Front Page test? What should he do? How would you give voice to your values in this situation?
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 2: Ethics and
Corporate Social Responsibility
Answer: Haggett ordered the file to be copied. By the time he got back from lunch, the company
president had found out about the file and ordered the copy destroyed. But by then, other Bath
executives had had a chance to examine the file. Haggett personally returned the file to the Navy,
but by then it was too late. The Navy considered banning Bath from bidding on its contracts,
which would have meant the end of the company. Haggett resigned. A much beloved CEO and an
important figure in Maine, he had worked at Bath for 28 years and his father had been a pipe
fitter there. The pitfalls were being in a hurry, money.
3. A group of medical schools conducted a study on very premature babies—those born between
24 and 27 weeks of gestation (instead of the normal 40 weeks). These children face a high risk of
blindness and death. The goal of the study was to determine which level of oxygen in a baby’s
incubator produced the best results. Researchers did not tell the families that being in the study
could increase their child’s risk of blindness or death. The study made some important
discoveries about the best oxygen level. These results could benefit many children. What would
Mill and Kant say about this decision not to tell the families?
Answer: Kant would say it was wrong. Mill would say that the study helped save the eyesight and
lives of lots of other children.
4. Each year, the sale of Girl Scout cookies is the major fund-raiser for local troops. But because the
organization was criticized for promoting such unhealthy food, it introduced a new cookie,
Mango Cremes with Nutrifusion. It promotes this cookie as a vitamin-laden, natural whole
food—“A delicious way to get your vitamins.” But these vitamins are a minuscule part of the
cookie. The rest has more unhealthy fat than an Oreo. The Girl Scouts do much good for many
girls. And to do this good, they need to raise money. What would Kant and Mill say? What about
the Front Page test? What do you say?
Answer: Mill would say that the benefit of selling the cookie is greater than the harm. Kant would
say that it is the wrong thing to do. The Girl Scouts would not want this information on the front
page.
5. The CEO of Volkswagen set an ambitious goal: to triple sales in the United States and become the
largest car manufacturer in the world. Employees listened carefully because the CEO had a
reputation for punishing those who did not make their goals. Then the VW engineers realized
that the emissions equipment on the company’s cars could not meet tough U.S. standards. Fixing
the equipment would take time, raise costs, and reduce sales. The engineers believed that other
car companies had the same problem. Instead of fixing the equipment, an engineer figured out
how to install software that would cheat on the emissions tests. Engineers predicted that the
chance of being discovered was low, and executives thought the cost of being caught would be
manageable. (Indeed, the company continued its cheating ways, even after it knew that regulators
were investigating.) VW produced 11 million cars with this deceptive software. After the company
was caught, it spent $18 billion on fines, legal costs, and car repairs. Its sales and stock price
plummeted, and one of its top officials was sentenced to seven years in prison. Into what traps
did these VW employees fall?
Answer: Answers will vary. But ethics traps include money, competition, rationalization, following
orders, and a short-term perspective.
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
Edition Jeffrey F. Beatty
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you 10 or five pages.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel
sheet if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make
update at every time. There are many
new editions waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file
You can contact us at every time, we can
replace it with true one.
Our email:
, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
Solution and Answer Guide
Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
Table of Contents
Multiple Choice Questions............................................................................................................1
Case Questions..................................................................................................................................2
Discussion Questions........................................................................................................................3
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The United States Constitution is among the finest legal accomplishments in the history of
the world. Which of the following influenced Franklin, Jefferson, and the rest of the Founding
Fathers?
A. English common-law principles
B. The Iroquois’ system of federalism
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above
Answer: C. Both English common-law principles and the Iroquois’ system of federalism shaped the
Constitutional framers’ ideas.
2. Which of the following parts of the modern legal system are “borrowed” from medieval
England?
A. Jury trials
B. Special rules for selling land
C. Following precedent
D. All of the above
Answer: D. Countless parts of our modern system originated in Merry Olde England.
3. Union organizers at a hospital wanted to distribute leaflets to potential union members, but
hospital rules prohibited leafleting in areas of patient care, hallways, cafeterias, and any
areas open to the public. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), a government agency,
ruled that these restrictions violated the law and ordered the hospital to permit the activities
in the cafeteria and coffee shop. What kind of law was it creating?
A. A statute
B. Common law
C. A constitutional amendment
D. Administrative regulation
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 1
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
Answer: D. The NLRB, as an agency, creates regulations. Congress creates statutes, and
judges shape the common law.
4. If the Congress creates a new statute with the president’s support, it must pass the idea by a
____________ majority vote in the House and the Senate. If the president vetoes a proposed
statute and the Congress wishes to pass it without their support, the idea must pass by a
____________ majority vote in the House and the Senate.
A. simple; simple
B. simple; two-thirds
C. simple; three-fourths
D. two-thirds; three-fourths
Answer: B. More than 50 percent to pass initially (a simple majority), two-thirds if an
override is necessary.
5. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., wrote “An unjust law is no law at all.” As such, “One has … a moral
responsibility to obey unjust laws.” Dr. King’s view is an example of:
A. legal realism.
B. jurisprudence.
C. legal positivism.
D. natural law.
Answer: D. It is an example of the natural law theory of jurisprudence.
Case Questions
1. Lance, an Internet hacker, stole 15,000 credit card numbers and sold them on the black
market, making millions. Police caught Lance, and two legal actions followed, one civil and
one criminal. Who will be responsible for bringing the civil case? What will be the outcome if
the jury believes that Lance was responsible for identity thefts? Who will be responsible for
bringing the criminal case? What will be the outcome if the jury believes that Lance stole the
numbers?
Answer: The civil cases will be brought by the victims of identity theft, and the outcome of a
successful case against Lance would be some type of monetary award for damages suffered.
The criminal case will be brought by state prosecutors and the outcome would be
imprisonment for Lance.
2. As The Oculist’s Case indicates, the medical profession has faced large number of lawsuits
for centuries. In Texas, a law provides that, so long as a doctor was not reckless and did not
intentionally harm a patient, recovery for “pain and suffering” is limited to no more than
$750,000. In many other states, no such limit exists. If a patient will suffer a lifetime of pain
after a botched operation, for example, they might recover millions in compensation. Which
rule seems more sensible to you—the “Texas” rule, or the alternative?
Answer: Answers will vary.
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
3. You Be the Judge: WRITING PROBLEM Should trials be televised? Here are a few arguments
to add to those in the chapter. You be the judge.
Arguments against Live Television Coverage: We have tried this experiment and it has
failed. Trials fall into two categories: Those that create great public interest and those that do
not. No one watches dull trials, so we do not need to broadcast them. The few that are
interesting have all become circuses. Judges and lawyers have shown that they cannot resist
the temptation to play to the camera. Trials are supposed to be about justice, not
entertainment. If a citizen seriously wants to follow a case, they can do it by reading online
news reports or the daily newspaper.
Arguments for Live Television Coverage: It is true that some televised trials have been
unseemly affairs, but that is the fault of the presiding judges, not the media. Indeed, one of
the virtues of television coverage is that millions of people now understand that we have a
lot of incompetent people running our courtrooms. The proper response is to train judges to
run a tight trial by prohibiting grandstanding by lawyers. Access to accurate information is
the foundation on which a democracy is built, and we must not eliminate a source of
valuable data just because some judges are ill-trained.
Answer: For most of the “You Be the Judge” writing problems, we provide the case citation
and holding. For this question, of course, there is no definitive answer.
4. Leslie Bergh and his two brothers, Milton and Raymond, formed a partnership to help build
a fancy saloon and dance hall in Evanston, Wyoming. Later, Leslie met with his friend and
drinking buddy, John Mills, and tricked Mills into investing in the saloon. Leslie did not tell Mills
that no one else was investing cash or that the entire enterprise was already bankrupt. Mills
mortgaged his home, invested $150,000 in the saloon—and lost every penny of it. Mills sued
all three partners for fraud. Milton and Raymond defended on the ground that they did not
commit the fraud, only Leslie did. The defendants lost. Was that fair? By holding them liable,
what general idea did the court rely on? What Anglo-Saxon legal custom did the ruling
resemble?
Answer: The partners are indeed liable. Bergh v. Mills, 763 P.2d 214 (Wyo. 1988). That is the
essence of a partnership: All partners are liable for the acts of any partner committed in the
partnership’s normal business. This is the general idea of collective responsibility. It relates
to the “tithing” of English legal history, in which all tithing members were legally responsible
for the conduct of the others.
5. The father of an American woman killed in the Paris terrorist attacks sued Twitter, Facebook,
and YouTube, alleging the sites knowingly allow ISIS terrorists to recruit members, raise
money, and spread extremist propaganda. The sites defended themselves by saying that
their policies prohibit terrorist recruitment and that, when alerted to it, they quickly remove
offending videos. What type of lawsuit is this—criminal or civil? What responsibilities, if any,
should social media sites have for the spread of terrorism?
Answer: The case is a civil case, but answers will vary as to the scope of the responsibilities
social media sites should have for the spread of terrorism.
Discussion Questions
1. In the 1980s, the Supreme Court ruled that it is legal for protesters to burn the American flag.
This activity counts as free speech under the Constitution. If the Court hears a new flag burning
case in this decade, should it consider changing its ruling, or should it follow precedent? Is
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 3
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
following past precedent something that seems sensible to you: always, usually, sometimes,
rarely, or never?
Answer: Answers will vary.
2. When should a business be held legally responsible for customer safety? Consider the
following statements, and consider the degree to which you agree or disagree:
a. A business should keep customers safe from its own employees.
b. A business should keep customers safe from other customers.
c. A business should keep customers safe from themselves. (Example: an intoxicated
customer who can no longer walk straight.)
d. A business should keep people outside its own establishment safe if it is reasonable to
do so.
Answer: Answers will vary.
3. In his most famous novel, The Red and the Black, the French author Stendhal (1783–1842)
wrote: “There is no such thing as ‘natural law’: this expression is nothing but old nonsense.
Prior to laws, what is natural is only the strength of the lion, or the need of the creature
suffering from hunger or cold, in short, need.” What do you think? Does legal positivism or
legal realism seem more sensible to you?
Answer: Natural law should be a question in the back of our minds throughout the course,
because it is a reminder of morality, and law without morality is despotism. Nonetheless,
Stendhal is obviously correct that both strength and need help to create law. The important
thing for this course is continually to apply moral principles to the rules you study, and make
your own determinations about whether natural law really plays a role.
4. Before becoming a Supreme Court justice, Sonia Sotomayor stated in a speech to students: “I
would hope that a wise Latina woman with the richness of her experiences would more often
than not reach a better conclusion than a white male who hasn’t lived that life.” During her
Senate confirmation proceedings, this statement was heavily probed and criticized. One
senator said that the focus of the hearings was to determine whether Judge Sotomayor would
“decide cases based only on the law as made by the people and their elected representatives,
not on personal feelings or politics.” (Sotomayor convinced many of her critics, because the
Senate confirmed her by a vote of 68–31.) Should judges ignore their life experiences and
feelings when making judicial decisions?
Answer: Answers will vary.
5. The late Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia argued that because courts are not elected
representative bodies, they have no business determining certain critical social issues. He
wrote:
Judges are selected precisely for their skill as lawyers; whether they reflect the policy views of
a particular constituency is not (or should not be) relevant. Not surprisingly then, the Federal
Judiciary is hardly a cross-section of America. Take, for example, this Court, which consists of
only nine men and women, all of them successful lawyers who studied at Harvard or Yale Law
School. Four of the nine are natives of New York City. Eight of them grew up in east- and west-
coast States. Only one hails from the vast expanse in-between. Not a single Southwesterner
or even, to tell the truth, a genuine Westerner (California does not count). Not a single
evangelical Christian (a group that comprises about one quarter of Americans), or even a
Protestant of any denomination. To allow [an important social issue] to be considered and
resolved by a select, patrician, highly unrepresentative panel of nine is to violate a principle
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website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 1:
Introduction to Law
even more fundamental than no taxation without representation: no social transformation
without representation.
Do you agree?
Answer: Answers will vary.
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website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 2: Ethics and
Corporate Social Responsibility
Solution and Answer Guide
Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 2: Ethics
and Corporate Social Responsibility
Table of Contents
Multiple Choice Questions............................................................................................................1
Case Questions..................................................................................................................................2
Discussion Questions........................................................................................................................4
Multiple Choice Questions
1. The following statement is true:
A. Milton Friedman argued that a corporate leader's sole obligation is to make money for
the company's owners.
B. Milton Friedman argued that corporate leaders should consider the well-being of all
company stakeholders, not just shareholders.
C. Milton Friedman argued that lying for prosocial reasons is appropriate.
D. Milton Friedman argued that life prospects are a crucial determinant of success in life.
Answer: A
2. Which of the following wrote the book Utilitarianism and believed that ethical actions should
“generate the greatest good for the greatest number”?
A. Milton Friedman
B. John Stuart Mill
C. Immanuel Kant
D. John Rawls
Answer: B
3. Which of the following believed that the dignity of human beings must be respected and that
the most ethical decisions are made out of a sense of duty or obligation?
A. Milton Friedman
B. John Stuart Mill
C. Immanuel Kant
D. John Rawls
Answer: C
4. Kant believed that:
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website, in whole or in part.
,Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 2: Ethics and
Corporate Social Responsibility
A. it is ethical to tell a lie if necessary to protect an innocent person from great harm.
B. it is ethical to tell a lie if the benefit of the lie outweighs the cost.
C. it is ethical to make a true, but misleading, statement.
D. it is wrong to tell an outright lie or to mislead.
Answer: D
5. The following statement is true:
A. Most people rarely lie.
B. Even people who do not believe in God are more likely to behave honestly after reading
the Ten Commandments.
C. Most people are accurate when comparing themselves to others.
D. People make their best ethical decisions when in a hurry.
Answer: B
Case Questions
1. Should engineers program driverless cars to protect pedestrians or the driver? Who gets to
decide? In one study, participants said that, if a car had to choose between ten pedestrians and
one driver, it should swerve into a wall, killing the driver and saving the ten people. But when
asked what car they would actually buy, participants chose the one that would protect them—
the driver. What would Kant and Mill say about this choice? What would result under the Front
Page test? If drivers chose to protect themselves, would they be to blame, legally or ethically,
for the deaths of the pedestrians?
Answer: Both Kant and Mill would say that driverless cars should kill the driver and save the ten
pedestrians. Under the categorical imperative, Kant believes you should not do something
unless you'd be willing for everyone else to do it, but here you'd be making a different decision
for yourself. Mill would say that saving ten lives maximizes overall happiness. It would be
embarrassing under the Front Page test for everyone to know that you had chosen yourself over
ten other people. It is difficult to think of the ethical argument for choosing one person over ten.
2. Located in Bath, Maine, Bath Iron Works builds high-tech warships for the Navy. Winning Navy
contracts is crucial to the company’s success—it means jobs for the community and profits for
the shareholders. Navy officials held a meeting at Bath’s offices with its executives and those of
a competitor to review the specs for an upcoming bid. Both companies desperately wanted to
win the contract. After the meeting, a Bath worker realized that one of the Navy officials had left
a folder on a chair labeled “Business Sensitive.” It contained information about the competitors’
bid that would be a huge advantage to Bath. William Haggett, the Bath CEO, was notified about
the file just as he was walking out the door to give a luncheon speech. What ethics traps did he
face? How could he avoid these traps? What would result if he considered Mill, Kant, or the
Front Page test? What should he do? How would you give voice to your values in this situation?
© 2022 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible 2
website, in whole or in part.
, Solution and Answer Guide: Beatty/Samuelson/Abril, The Legal Environment, 8e, 2022, 9780357634448; Chapter 2: Ethics and
Corporate Social Responsibility
Answer: Haggett ordered the file to be copied. By the time he got back from lunch, the company
president had found out about the file and ordered the copy destroyed. But by then, other Bath
executives had had a chance to examine the file. Haggett personally returned the file to the Navy,
but by then it was too late. The Navy considered banning Bath from bidding on its contracts,
which would have meant the end of the company. Haggett resigned. A much beloved CEO and an
important figure in Maine, he had worked at Bath for 28 years and his father had been a pipe
fitter there. The pitfalls were being in a hurry, money.
3. A group of medical schools conducted a study on very premature babies—those born between
24 and 27 weeks of gestation (instead of the normal 40 weeks). These children face a high risk of
blindness and death. The goal of the study was to determine which level of oxygen in a baby’s
incubator produced the best results. Researchers did not tell the families that being in the study
could increase their child’s risk of blindness or death. The study made some important
discoveries about the best oxygen level. These results could benefit many children. What would
Mill and Kant say about this decision not to tell the families?
Answer: Kant would say it was wrong. Mill would say that the study helped save the eyesight and
lives of lots of other children.
4. Each year, the sale of Girl Scout cookies is the major fund-raiser for local troops. But because the
organization was criticized for promoting such unhealthy food, it introduced a new cookie,
Mango Cremes with Nutrifusion. It promotes this cookie as a vitamin-laden, natural whole
food—“A delicious way to get your vitamins.” But these vitamins are a minuscule part of the
cookie. The rest has more unhealthy fat than an Oreo. The Girl Scouts do much good for many
girls. And to do this good, they need to raise money. What would Kant and Mill say? What about
the Front Page test? What do you say?
Answer: Mill would say that the benefit of selling the cookie is greater than the harm. Kant would
say that it is the wrong thing to do. The Girl Scouts would not want this information on the front
page.
5. The CEO of Volkswagen set an ambitious goal: to triple sales in the United States and become the
largest car manufacturer in the world. Employees listened carefully because the CEO had a
reputation for punishing those who did not make their goals. Then the VW engineers realized
that the emissions equipment on the company’s cars could not meet tough U.S. standards. Fixing
the equipment would take time, raise costs, and reduce sales. The engineers believed that other
car companies had the same problem. Instead of fixing the equipment, an engineer figured out
how to install software that would cheat on the emissions tests. Engineers predicted that the
chance of being discovered was low, and executives thought the cost of being caught would be
manageable. (Indeed, the company continued its cheating ways, even after it knew that regulators
were investigating.) VW produced 11 million cars with this deceptive software. After the company
was caught, it spent $18 billion on fines, legal costs, and car repairs. Its sales and stock price
plummeted, and one of its top officials was sentenced to seven years in prison. Into what traps
did these VW employees fall?
Answer: Answers will vary. But ethics traps include money, competition, rationalization, following
orders, and a short-term perspective.
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website, in whole or in part.
