EXSS 276 Exam 3 Questions and Answers Fully Solved Graded A+
oxygen carrying in blood - Answers blood leaves the lung, fully saturated and once the hemoglobin is in
the target tissue, it begins to desaturate, releasing oxygen
hemoglobin when at the lung, picks up oxygen, but other areas releases lots of oxygen
process of picking up and releasing only occurs
blood must be in capillaries where the blood composition of the blood can be changed to structure the
vessels to pick up or release blood
signals for hemoglobin to saturate or desaturate - Answers ration of oxygen to CO2
pH
temperature
hemoglobin also carries a large amount of CO2 - Answers (almost 25% of waste product is carried by it)
it will only carry CO2 when it is desaturated; when saturated, it won't (just start desaturation)
metabolism produces the CO2 and the hemoglobins desaturate in areas that are doing lots of
metabolism, but when the hemoglobin gets to the lungs, the capillaries are different, so it releases CO2
at the lungs and picks oxygen back up (saturation)
anemic people (due to poor levels of hemoglobin or RBCs): you can't pick up as much oxygen or CO2
thus your metabolism doesn't work well to produce ATP, and when it is producing the ATP, the CO2
can't be thrown out which inhibits energy production even further - thus lethargy
Erythropoiesis or Hemopoiesis - Answers process by which RBCs are made
,reduced levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate kidney
kidney stimulates by releasing erythropoietin which stimulates red bone marrow to undergo enhanced
erythropoiesis producing more RBCs which
Stem cell (hemocytoblast) —> committed cell (proerythroblast) —> phase 1: ribosome synthesis —>
phase 2: hemoglobin accumulation —> phase 3: ejection of nucleus —> erythrocytes
reduced levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate kidney - Answers hypoxia: low levels of oxygens which
will usually occur because you have lower levels of RBCs and hemoglobin (due to diet, anemia, or even
environmental conditions)
Epo - Answers doping agent associated with endurance activities
takes pharmaceutical basis of erythropoietin and injecting or swallowing it
increases hematocrit and hemoglobin but the problem is when it moves to milkshake level it makes the
heart work harder
# of cases where triathletes and cyclists or distance runner die of heart attack during activity
blood isn't super viscous when you're resting, but when you're sweating a lot during activity, you can
never replenish the fluid as quickly as you lose it, plasma water is getting smaller and formed elements
are dissolved in this so the blood because more viscous (already more viscous because of EPO)
heart can't pump blood adequately
note: most water in your sweat comes from plasma water
most water in your sweat comes from - Answers plasma water
globin - Answers alpha and beta protein chains
,recycling of amino acids for new RBCs
blood doping - Answers injecting previously stored RBCs before an athletic event
(more cells available to deliver oxygen to tissues - hard to detect because you're using your own blood
other than looking for track marks)
dangerous (increases blood viscosity and forces heart to work harder)
banned by Olympic committee
hypoxia (altitude) - Answers another form to raise hemoglobin level
cause levels of blood to stimulate the kidney to produce erythropoietin, thus more RBCs
training and being exposed to altitude, causes your hemoglobin to increase thus your performance
increases
not banned - why a lot of teams go higher in altitude to train
problem: you have a window of time, as soon as you go to sea level, the body reduces erythropoietin
and RBC and hemoglobin production goes down so high values of hemoglobin drop rapidly so you have
7-10 days until you're back to normal
reason why athletes can do well at competition but at the Olympics they suck because they have to go
through 2 weeks of qualifying
anemia - Answers either not enough RBCs (low hematocrit) or have RBCs but not enough hemoglobin in
them (both types have the same effect)
anemia can be due to - Answers decreased erythropoiesis
, increased destruction of RBCs
increased destruction of hemoglobin
anemia can result in - Answers decreased capacity to carry gases (delivering O2 and getting rid of CO2)
decreased acid buffering capacity
(hemoglobin is able to accept hydrogen ions so it is a buffer - if you have a form of anemia where you
don't have as much hemoglobin, you lose the buffering capacity and can't accept enough hydrogen ions
so pyruvic acid stays as lactic acid and disassociates and becomes acidic and you can't produce as much
ATP through metabolism)
blood groups and types - Answers Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Type A - Answers A antigen (glyco-proteins - protein structures with carb structures to them)
Anti-B antibody: made by the liver and ride on the plasma cells
Type B - Answers B antigen
Anti-A antibody
Type AB - Answers both A and B antigens
oxygen carrying in blood - Answers blood leaves the lung, fully saturated and once the hemoglobin is in
the target tissue, it begins to desaturate, releasing oxygen
hemoglobin when at the lung, picks up oxygen, but other areas releases lots of oxygen
process of picking up and releasing only occurs
blood must be in capillaries where the blood composition of the blood can be changed to structure the
vessels to pick up or release blood
signals for hemoglobin to saturate or desaturate - Answers ration of oxygen to CO2
pH
temperature
hemoglobin also carries a large amount of CO2 - Answers (almost 25% of waste product is carried by it)
it will only carry CO2 when it is desaturated; when saturated, it won't (just start desaturation)
metabolism produces the CO2 and the hemoglobins desaturate in areas that are doing lots of
metabolism, but when the hemoglobin gets to the lungs, the capillaries are different, so it releases CO2
at the lungs and picks oxygen back up (saturation)
anemic people (due to poor levels of hemoglobin or RBCs): you can't pick up as much oxygen or CO2
thus your metabolism doesn't work well to produce ATP, and when it is producing the ATP, the CO2
can't be thrown out which inhibits energy production even further - thus lethargy
Erythropoiesis or Hemopoiesis - Answers process by which RBCs are made
,reduced levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate kidney
kidney stimulates by releasing erythropoietin which stimulates red bone marrow to undergo enhanced
erythropoiesis producing more RBCs which
Stem cell (hemocytoblast) —> committed cell (proerythroblast) —> phase 1: ribosome synthesis —>
phase 2: hemoglobin accumulation —> phase 3: ejection of nucleus —> erythrocytes
reduced levels of oxygen in the blood stimulate kidney - Answers hypoxia: low levels of oxygens which
will usually occur because you have lower levels of RBCs and hemoglobin (due to diet, anemia, or even
environmental conditions)
Epo - Answers doping agent associated with endurance activities
takes pharmaceutical basis of erythropoietin and injecting or swallowing it
increases hematocrit and hemoglobin but the problem is when it moves to milkshake level it makes the
heart work harder
# of cases where triathletes and cyclists or distance runner die of heart attack during activity
blood isn't super viscous when you're resting, but when you're sweating a lot during activity, you can
never replenish the fluid as quickly as you lose it, plasma water is getting smaller and formed elements
are dissolved in this so the blood because more viscous (already more viscous because of EPO)
heart can't pump blood adequately
note: most water in your sweat comes from plasma water
most water in your sweat comes from - Answers plasma water
globin - Answers alpha and beta protein chains
,recycling of amino acids for new RBCs
blood doping - Answers injecting previously stored RBCs before an athletic event
(more cells available to deliver oxygen to tissues - hard to detect because you're using your own blood
other than looking for track marks)
dangerous (increases blood viscosity and forces heart to work harder)
banned by Olympic committee
hypoxia (altitude) - Answers another form to raise hemoglobin level
cause levels of blood to stimulate the kidney to produce erythropoietin, thus more RBCs
training and being exposed to altitude, causes your hemoglobin to increase thus your performance
increases
not banned - why a lot of teams go higher in altitude to train
problem: you have a window of time, as soon as you go to sea level, the body reduces erythropoietin
and RBC and hemoglobin production goes down so high values of hemoglobin drop rapidly so you have
7-10 days until you're back to normal
reason why athletes can do well at competition but at the Olympics they suck because they have to go
through 2 weeks of qualifying
anemia - Answers either not enough RBCs (low hematocrit) or have RBCs but not enough hemoglobin in
them (both types have the same effect)
anemia can be due to - Answers decreased erythropoiesis
, increased destruction of RBCs
increased destruction of hemoglobin
anemia can result in - Answers decreased capacity to carry gases (delivering O2 and getting rid of CO2)
decreased acid buffering capacity
(hemoglobin is able to accept hydrogen ions so it is a buffer - if you have a form of anemia where you
don't have as much hemoglobin, you lose the buffering capacity and can't accept enough hydrogen ions
so pyruvic acid stays as lactic acid and disassociates and becomes acidic and you can't produce as much
ATP through metabolism)
blood groups and types - Answers Type A
Type B
Type AB
Type O
Type A - Answers A antigen (glyco-proteins - protein structures with carb structures to them)
Anti-B antibody: made by the liver and ride on the plasma cells
Type B - Answers B antigen
Anti-A antibody
Type AB - Answers both A and B antigens
