BCH4024 EXAM 1
What are 3 characteristics of water? *** high dipole moment, high bp and high heat capacity
stable interaction ocurring between two electronegative atoms that share a H is known as a ***
hydrogen bond
Life time of H bonds are short because -------- is low *** activation energy
liquid water is a flickering collection of 6 and 5 water molecules, which is more stable *** w5
Very little w1 occurs because, to raise the temp would require ------- degrees *** 100
water also has a high viscosity, special interactions with nonpolar molecules and strong/ weak
interactions with ionic molecules *** strong
----------- facilitates biological turnover *** freezing
carbon cycle formula *** H2O+CO2--HCO--metabolites--CO2
water has a high bp relative to its molecular weight and a low bp relative to the *** earth
Nucleophilic reactions works best within polar organic solvents, ----------retards nucleophilic reactions.
So if you are given a nucleophilic equation with this in it, it's no rxn *** water
Ice bonds are -------- with high volume and low density *** tetrahedral
The --------- nature of water allows it to move blood fast in the body *** viscous
,50 percent of the earth's heat comes from --------, the rest come from solar power *** radioactive decay
Glucose is phosphorylated by -------------, it does so to the primary carbon, w/o it, the 2ndry carbons
would be phosphorylated *** hexokinase
Enzymes make reactions go faster by, increasing ----------, changing the orientation of -----------, and
stabilizing ----------- *** local concentration, substrates, transition states
There are two types of hydrolysis, ----------- (almost always uncatalyzed), ---------- (almost always
catalyzed) *** ionic, covalent
Life began in the ocean, driven by a reducing atmosphere is the --------- hypothesis-- "hot dilute soup"
*** Oparin Haldane
What were the primordial elements in the Miller-Urey flask? *** H2O, NH3, H2 and CH4
what chemicals were detected in the Miller-Urey experiment? *** formic acid, urea, 6 amino acids and
adenine
We now believe that life began not in the ocean, but in the ------- because oligosaccharides and
secondary molecules are formed by dehydration *** desert
RNAs were the first molecules to appear, they had 3d dimensions, -------- catalysts, --------- and -----------
*** feeble, could store information, replicate
Gell Mann defined life as a complex self adaptive system that is able to evolve and gain options and
--------- is the search algorithm for biological change *** mutation
,In liquid water protons hop,----------- --------- has a proton wire that facilitates rapid proton transfer in
and out of an active site. This also catalyzes the bicarbonate buffer *** carbonic anhydrase
Ph DO NOT measure the --------of hydronium ions, they are standardized with solutions of known
concentrations and activity, so the PH of pure water is approximately 7 *** concentration
why is aspirin enterically coated *** it hurts the stomach lining
PH is important in bch because many-------,-------and ------------have acid and base sites, in case of nucleic
acids, they are polyelectrolytes *** metabolites, enzymes, nucleic acids
Buffers are weak acids and bases that obey the ------------- principle, the principle that has to do with acid
base chemistry adjustment on rxn and products sides *** le Chatelier's
Buffers are most effective near -------values *** pka
Many metabolites are weak acids and bases, some biological buffers include----- (H2PO3/HPO3),
------------- (HCO3/CO3),------------- (HATP/ATP), ------ and ---------- (in muscle) *** orthophosphate,
bicarbonate, ATP, proteins,creatine phosphate
what is the most important buffer in animals, it maintains a constant plasma ph and is just a reaction
between readily available CO2 and H2O *** bicarbonate
The reaction of CO2 and H2O is rapid to prevent the lysis of the *** mitochondria
Acidosis stimulates the getting rid of ---------, because technically it is acidic. Altered breathing rate. The
counter effect called alkalosis is treated by breathing into a bag *** CO2
, The balancing of shift in ph between cells and ECF is conducted mainly by which 3 ions, where increasing
the last one means increasing the H+ ions *** Na, K, Cl
Diffusion limited process means that reaction rate is limited by how ------------reactants collide *** fast
In macromolecules, H bonds in helices and sheets undergo local -------- *** unfolding
There are several noncovalent interactions, H bond, ionic bonds, --------- and ------------ interactions ***
VanderWaals (dipoles), hydrophobic
Salt bridge is a combination of ----bonding and ----------- *** H, electrostatics
Pi stacking, stacking of ------- rings delocalizes pi electrons, therefore its weak *** aromatic
Linear H bond is --------------than bent H bond because in linear, all 3 atoms involved are aligned ***
stronger
Protonation and deprotonation of small molecules like acetic and phosphoric acid are *** rapid
----------interactions are dominant in proteins and enzymes. They are not true bonds *** Hydrophobic
water binds tightly to --------molecules, hydrophobic interactions result in the release of H2O which
increase delta S (entropy) and is thereby favorable *** apolar
And for a favorable interaction, we want the temperature to be low/high, except in the liver *** high
What are 3 characteristics of water? *** high dipole moment, high bp and high heat capacity
stable interaction ocurring between two electronegative atoms that share a H is known as a ***
hydrogen bond
Life time of H bonds are short because -------- is low *** activation energy
liquid water is a flickering collection of 6 and 5 water molecules, which is more stable *** w5
Very little w1 occurs because, to raise the temp would require ------- degrees *** 100
water also has a high viscosity, special interactions with nonpolar molecules and strong/ weak
interactions with ionic molecules *** strong
----------- facilitates biological turnover *** freezing
carbon cycle formula *** H2O+CO2--HCO--metabolites--CO2
water has a high bp relative to its molecular weight and a low bp relative to the *** earth
Nucleophilic reactions works best within polar organic solvents, ----------retards nucleophilic reactions.
So if you are given a nucleophilic equation with this in it, it's no rxn *** water
Ice bonds are -------- with high volume and low density *** tetrahedral
The --------- nature of water allows it to move blood fast in the body *** viscous
,50 percent of the earth's heat comes from --------, the rest come from solar power *** radioactive decay
Glucose is phosphorylated by -------------, it does so to the primary carbon, w/o it, the 2ndry carbons
would be phosphorylated *** hexokinase
Enzymes make reactions go faster by, increasing ----------, changing the orientation of -----------, and
stabilizing ----------- *** local concentration, substrates, transition states
There are two types of hydrolysis, ----------- (almost always uncatalyzed), ---------- (almost always
catalyzed) *** ionic, covalent
Life began in the ocean, driven by a reducing atmosphere is the --------- hypothesis-- "hot dilute soup"
*** Oparin Haldane
What were the primordial elements in the Miller-Urey flask? *** H2O, NH3, H2 and CH4
what chemicals were detected in the Miller-Urey experiment? *** formic acid, urea, 6 amino acids and
adenine
We now believe that life began not in the ocean, but in the ------- because oligosaccharides and
secondary molecules are formed by dehydration *** desert
RNAs were the first molecules to appear, they had 3d dimensions, -------- catalysts, --------- and -----------
*** feeble, could store information, replicate
Gell Mann defined life as a complex self adaptive system that is able to evolve and gain options and
--------- is the search algorithm for biological change *** mutation
,In liquid water protons hop,----------- --------- has a proton wire that facilitates rapid proton transfer in
and out of an active site. This also catalyzes the bicarbonate buffer *** carbonic anhydrase
Ph DO NOT measure the --------of hydronium ions, they are standardized with solutions of known
concentrations and activity, so the PH of pure water is approximately 7 *** concentration
why is aspirin enterically coated *** it hurts the stomach lining
PH is important in bch because many-------,-------and ------------have acid and base sites, in case of nucleic
acids, they are polyelectrolytes *** metabolites, enzymes, nucleic acids
Buffers are weak acids and bases that obey the ------------- principle, the principle that has to do with acid
base chemistry adjustment on rxn and products sides *** le Chatelier's
Buffers are most effective near -------values *** pka
Many metabolites are weak acids and bases, some biological buffers include----- (H2PO3/HPO3),
------------- (HCO3/CO3),------------- (HATP/ATP), ------ and ---------- (in muscle) *** orthophosphate,
bicarbonate, ATP, proteins,creatine phosphate
what is the most important buffer in animals, it maintains a constant plasma ph and is just a reaction
between readily available CO2 and H2O *** bicarbonate
The reaction of CO2 and H2O is rapid to prevent the lysis of the *** mitochondria
Acidosis stimulates the getting rid of ---------, because technically it is acidic. Altered breathing rate. The
counter effect called alkalosis is treated by breathing into a bag *** CO2
, The balancing of shift in ph between cells and ECF is conducted mainly by which 3 ions, where increasing
the last one means increasing the H+ ions *** Na, K, Cl
Diffusion limited process means that reaction rate is limited by how ------------reactants collide *** fast
In macromolecules, H bonds in helices and sheets undergo local -------- *** unfolding
There are several noncovalent interactions, H bond, ionic bonds, --------- and ------------ interactions ***
VanderWaals (dipoles), hydrophobic
Salt bridge is a combination of ----bonding and ----------- *** H, electrostatics
Pi stacking, stacking of ------- rings delocalizes pi electrons, therefore its weak *** aromatic
Linear H bond is --------------than bent H bond because in linear, all 3 atoms involved are aligned ***
stronger
Protonation and deprotonation of small molecules like acetic and phosphoric acid are *** rapid
----------interactions are dominant in proteins and enzymes. They are not true bonds *** Hydrophobic
water binds tightly to --------molecules, hydrophobic interactions result in the release of H2O which
increase delta S (entropy) and is thereby favorable *** apolar
And for a favorable interaction, we want the temperature to be low/high, except in the liver *** high
