Galen BIO 2100 Final Exam 1
Questions and Actual Answers (2025-
2026) Updated.
Which type of microscopy allows one to see internal structures of bacterial cells? - Answer
Transmission electron microscopy
What structure associated with the condenser lens is used to control the amount of light that
reaches a specimen in a compound light microscope? - Answer Iris diaphragm
Which microscope produces an image of a light cell against a dark background; internal
structures are not visible? - Answer Darkfield microscope
What are the 3 domains in the three-domain system? - Answer Archaea, Eukarya, and
Animalia
Characteristics of protozoa? - Answer classified by their method of locomotion, unicellular and
all of them are eukaryotic
Who first understood that fermentation was a biological process and developed a process to
heat treat beverages? - Answer Pasteur
What lacks a membrane-bound nucleus? - Answer bacteria
Which scientist is credited with being the father of medical microbiology and came up with the
postulates to prove which microbe is the causative agent of a particular disease? - Answer
Koch
What activities of microbes is a vital activity that some bacteria perform? - Answer
participating in decomposition and mineral cycles, fixing nitrogen to enable plants to grow in
the soil, and producing O2 via photosynthesis
What is microbiology? - Answer The study of microorganisms
,what percentage of known microorganisms are pathogens? - Answer 3-10%
Define microbe diversity - Answer organisms that can adapt very quickly
Define normal microbiota - Answer organisms that normally live on and in us. They out-
compete invading organisms
define infectious disease - Answer transmitted from one person to another and causes
damage to the host
define opportunistic pathogens - Answer organisms that are usually harmless but sometimes
can cause disease depending on persons circumstance.
define microbial intoxications - Answer when the microorganism produces a toxin of some
sort.
define a biofilm - Answer a thin, slimy film of bacteria that adheres to a solid surface.
what does it mean to be photosynthetic? - Answer they use light energy to make cellular
energy and getting carbon from CO2. They use CO2 in the air and put it into organic molecules.
What produces the most oxygen on earth? - Answer photosynthetic algae
Photosynthetic organisms use what and produce what? - Answer use CO2 and produce O2 gas
Animals use what and produce what? - Answer use O2 and produce CO2
What are the basis of the food chain? - Answer bacteria and algae
Small animals eat what? - Answer insects, zooplankton,phytoplankton (plant like organisms
that float in water)
Insects and zooplankton eat what? - Answer algae and bacteria
, microbes do what in the food chain? - Answer decompose dead organic matter and recycle
the nutrients
Define nitrogen fixation when it comes to nutrient cycling - Answer only a few groups of
bacteria can use inorganic N2 and make it into (ammonia, nitrates, etc.) that other organisms
can use
Define the carbon cycle - Answer photosynthetic organisms use CO2 and produce CO2
Define carbon fixation when it comes to nutrient cycling - Answer photosynthetic organisms
can make inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic carbon (glucose)
Define symbiotic relationships - Answer two different organisms are interacting
Define bioremediation - Answer some microbes degrade wastes
Define biotechnology - Answer any use of an organism
what are the 5 examples of biotechnology> - Answer food production, production of enzymes,
model cells, recombinant DNA, and production of antibiotics
Define food production - Answer we produce foods with microorganisms
EX: cheese, yogurt, wine
define production of enzymes - Answer enzymes are proteins that can be used in medicines
define model cells - Answer microorganisms are easy to study in the lab so we use model cells
to understand how different processes work
define recombinant DNA - Answer when we start taking a human gene and putting it into
bacteria
define production of antibiotics - Answer a lot of microorganisms produce the antibiotics we
use to treat pathogens.
Questions and Actual Answers (2025-
2026) Updated.
Which type of microscopy allows one to see internal structures of bacterial cells? - Answer
Transmission electron microscopy
What structure associated with the condenser lens is used to control the amount of light that
reaches a specimen in a compound light microscope? - Answer Iris diaphragm
Which microscope produces an image of a light cell against a dark background; internal
structures are not visible? - Answer Darkfield microscope
What are the 3 domains in the three-domain system? - Answer Archaea, Eukarya, and
Animalia
Characteristics of protozoa? - Answer classified by their method of locomotion, unicellular and
all of them are eukaryotic
Who first understood that fermentation was a biological process and developed a process to
heat treat beverages? - Answer Pasteur
What lacks a membrane-bound nucleus? - Answer bacteria
Which scientist is credited with being the father of medical microbiology and came up with the
postulates to prove which microbe is the causative agent of a particular disease? - Answer
Koch
What activities of microbes is a vital activity that some bacteria perform? - Answer
participating in decomposition and mineral cycles, fixing nitrogen to enable plants to grow in
the soil, and producing O2 via photosynthesis
What is microbiology? - Answer The study of microorganisms
,what percentage of known microorganisms are pathogens? - Answer 3-10%
Define microbe diversity - Answer organisms that can adapt very quickly
Define normal microbiota - Answer organisms that normally live on and in us. They out-
compete invading organisms
define infectious disease - Answer transmitted from one person to another and causes
damage to the host
define opportunistic pathogens - Answer organisms that are usually harmless but sometimes
can cause disease depending on persons circumstance.
define microbial intoxications - Answer when the microorganism produces a toxin of some
sort.
define a biofilm - Answer a thin, slimy film of bacteria that adheres to a solid surface.
what does it mean to be photosynthetic? - Answer they use light energy to make cellular
energy and getting carbon from CO2. They use CO2 in the air and put it into organic molecules.
What produces the most oxygen on earth? - Answer photosynthetic algae
Photosynthetic organisms use what and produce what? - Answer use CO2 and produce O2 gas
Animals use what and produce what? - Answer use O2 and produce CO2
What are the basis of the food chain? - Answer bacteria and algae
Small animals eat what? - Answer insects, zooplankton,phytoplankton (plant like organisms
that float in water)
Insects and zooplankton eat what? - Answer algae and bacteria
, microbes do what in the food chain? - Answer decompose dead organic matter and recycle
the nutrients
Define nitrogen fixation when it comes to nutrient cycling - Answer only a few groups of
bacteria can use inorganic N2 and make it into (ammonia, nitrates, etc.) that other organisms
can use
Define the carbon cycle - Answer photosynthetic organisms use CO2 and produce CO2
Define carbon fixation when it comes to nutrient cycling - Answer photosynthetic organisms
can make inorganic carbon (CO2) into organic carbon (glucose)
Define symbiotic relationships - Answer two different organisms are interacting
Define bioremediation - Answer some microbes degrade wastes
Define biotechnology - Answer any use of an organism
what are the 5 examples of biotechnology> - Answer food production, production of enzymes,
model cells, recombinant DNA, and production of antibiotics
Define food production - Answer we produce foods with microorganisms
EX: cheese, yogurt, wine
define production of enzymes - Answer enzymes are proteins that can be used in medicines
define model cells - Answer microorganisms are easy to study in the lab so we use model cells
to understand how different processes work
define recombinant DNA - Answer when we start taking a human gene and putting it into
bacteria
define production of antibiotics - Answer a lot of microorganisms produce the antibiotics we
use to treat pathogens.
