BIOCHEMISTRY, TRANSPORT, AND CELLS
Know the four basic organic molecules and be able to identify
examples
• Carbohydrates (ring shape), proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
• Carb examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, and
maltose
• Protein examples: enzymes
• Lipid examples: fats, oils, certain vitamins
• Nucleic acid examples: DNA and RNA
Know the function of enzymes
• act as a catalyst
• accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction
• speed up reactions by decreasing the amount of activation energy
required
• lower the activation energy of a reaction by weakening bonds
Know the structure of the cell membrane
• phospholipid bilayer
Know the all different types of transport (including passive and
active)
• diffusion (passive transport) - the tendency of particles to spread out
evenly in an available space
• osmosis (passive transport) - diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane
• facilitated diffusion (passive transport) - polar or charged substances
move across membranes with the help of specific transport proteins
• exocytosis (active transport) - used to export bulky molecules
• endocytosis (active transport) - used to take in large molecules
• phagocytosis (type of endocytosis) - the engulfment of a particle by
the cell wrapping cell membrane around it, forming a vacuole
• receptor-mediated endocytosis (type of endocytosis) - uses
membrane receptors for specific solutes
, What is a concentration gradient?
• occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one
area than another
• particles move down the concentration gradient in passive
transport
• particles move up the concentration gradient in active
transport
Know isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic solutions. What
happens to cells when placed in these solutions?
• cells shrink in a hypertonic solution
• cells swell in a hypotonic solution
• animal cells are normal in isotonic solutions
• plant cells are flaccid in isotonic solutions
Know the differences between a prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell
• eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles
• eukaryotic cells are the basis for unicellular and multicellular
organisms
• prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles
• prokaryotic cells are always a part of unicellular organisms
Know the organelles and the functions of each (including
cell membrane)
• plasma membrane - phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins
• nucleus and ribosomes - carry out genetic control of the cell
• ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes
- involved in the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of
molecules
• mitochondria and chloroplasts - function in energy processing
• cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall - structural
support, movement, and communication between cells
Know the four basic organic molecules and be able to identify
examples
• Carbohydrates (ring shape), proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids
• Carb examples: glucose, fructose, galactose, sucrose, lactose, and
maltose
• Protein examples: enzymes
• Lipid examples: fats, oils, certain vitamins
• Nucleic acid examples: DNA and RNA
Know the function of enzymes
• act as a catalyst
• accelerate the rate of a chemical reaction
• speed up reactions by decreasing the amount of activation energy
required
• lower the activation energy of a reaction by weakening bonds
Know the structure of the cell membrane
• phospholipid bilayer
Know the all different types of transport (including passive and
active)
• diffusion (passive transport) - the tendency of particles to spread out
evenly in an available space
• osmosis (passive transport) - diffusion of water across a selectively
permeable membrane
• facilitated diffusion (passive transport) - polar or charged substances
move across membranes with the help of specific transport proteins
• exocytosis (active transport) - used to export bulky molecules
• endocytosis (active transport) - used to take in large molecules
• phagocytosis (type of endocytosis) - the engulfment of a particle by
the cell wrapping cell membrane around it, forming a vacuole
• receptor-mediated endocytosis (type of endocytosis) - uses
membrane receptors for specific solutes
, What is a concentration gradient?
• occurs when the concentration of particles is higher in one
area than another
• particles move down the concentration gradient in passive
transport
• particles move up the concentration gradient in active
transport
Know isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic solutions. What
happens to cells when placed in these solutions?
• cells shrink in a hypertonic solution
• cells swell in a hypotonic solution
• animal cells are normal in isotonic solutions
• plant cells are flaccid in isotonic solutions
Know the differences between a prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell
• eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles
• eukaryotic cells are the basis for unicellular and multicellular
organisms
• prokaryotic cells have no membrane bound organelles
• prokaryotic cells are always a part of unicellular organisms
Know the organelles and the functions of each (including
cell membrane)
• plasma membrane - phospholipid bilayer with embedded
proteins
• nucleus and ribosomes - carry out genetic control of the cell
• ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes
- involved in the manufacture, distribution, and breakdown of
molecules
• mitochondria and chloroplasts - function in energy processing
• cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and cell wall - structural
support, movement, and communication between cells
