CCJ 4054 FINAL EXAM
According to Kohlberg, civil disobedience is characteristic of the most advanced stage of moral
reasoning. ANS: True
At which of the following levels of moral development might we place a person whose moral values and
principles are self-chosen, arrived at through independent reflection? ANS: Postconventional
Reasoning such as, "killing is wrong because it is against the law" or "abortion is wrong because the Bible
says so" is characteristic of the law-and-order orientation and stage of moral development. ANS: True
Engaging in lawbreaking behavior to achieve a reputation or gain status among peers would be most
consistent with which of the following stages of moral development: ANS: Interpersonal exchange and
conformity.
Research indicates that law enforcement officers who have a college education are, on average, better
able to empathize, communicate, and are generally more ethical than those who do not. ANS: True
Which of the following ethical frameworks suggests that morality should be linked to human nature,
including a concern for human dignity and universal human rights? ANS: Natural law
Engaging in actions such as environmental terrorism, draft-dodging, or committing illegal acts to
advance the cause of justice would reflect a preconventional level of development in Kohlberg's model.
ANS: False
Based on Kohlberg's model of moral development, committing illegal acts for the purpose of fighting
injustice would (or should) be less morally reprehensible than criminality motivated by vigilante justice.
ANS: True
Though Nazi leaders and war criminals had not committed "crimes" according to German law at the
time, we (and the United Nations) might argue that they had committed: ANS: Crimes against humanity.
,The notion of moral development implies that some beliefs, values, and ways-of-thinking about moral
issues reflect a more advanced and desirable form of ethical judgment. ANS: True
Which of the following, based in research indicating gender differences in responses to moral dilemmas,
suggests that we reserve a greater role for compassion, interpersonal relationships, and concern for and
responsiveness to the welfare of others in our moral reasoning? ANS: Care ethics
According to Kohlberg, which of the following likely plays an important role in our progression through
higher stages of moral development? ANS: Role-taking opportunities
John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism differs from that of Jeremy Bentham in that Mill implies that we should
consider some goods to be of a higher quality and, thus, more important than others. ANS: True
In contrast to Bentham, John Stuart Mill argued that happiness or pleasure should be understood: ANS:
Qualitatively.
Social hedonism is a type of hedonism which suggests that pleasure is the ultimate good, and that it is
only our own pleasures and pains that should matter not those of other people affected. ANS: False
The argument that aiding or assisting others might be degrading to them, implying that they are
incapable of helping themselves, is an argument commonly used to support qualitative varieties of
utilitarianism. ANS: False
The question and moral dilemma of whether "dirty" means are sometimes necessary to achieve the
"good" ends of police work is sometimes referred to as the "Dirty Harry" problem. ANS: True
Which of the following concepts best captures the utilitarian notion that each person's welfare is equally
important and, thus, that no one person's happiness should be regarded as more important than any
other person's? ANS: Agent neutrality
,Consequentialist ethical frameworks argue that our decisions and actions are morally "right" if they are
intended and can be reasonably expected to produce the best consequences. ANS: True
Which of the following is not a technique of deceptive interrogation? ANS: Physical coercion
Utilitarianism argues that our decisions should consider the likely consequences for everyone affected
by them. ANS: True
When presented with the Trolley Problem, most people are willing to flip a switch to save five lives at
the expense of one, but are not willing to physically push a person over a bridge to save five lives. ANS:
True
From a Kantian ethical perspective, if we would not be willing to have everyone in a similar situation
engage in a particular act, then we ourselves are morally prohibited from engaging in that act. ANS:
True
The idea of natural law (and natural rights) would commit a criminal justice practitioner to upholding
certain values even if it meant violating procedure or other formal rules and regulations. ANS: True
A moral duty is something we must - or must not - do, no matter how we feel about it, how we or others
might be affected, and irrespective of the situation. ANS: True
In general, utilitarianism argues that criminal punishment is justifiable because it prevents future crime.
ANS: True
To say that something is categorically imperative is to say that it ought to be done or must be done
regardless of consequences. ANS: True
, Kantian ethics and other ethical systems that focus on moral rights can be considered deontological.
ANS: True
Kantian ethics holds a moral rule or principle to be acceptable only if it can be applied to every person in
the same situation. ANS: True
Prima facie duties are different from categorical duties in that: ANS: They can be overridden by more
important duties in a given situation.
Moral principles or moral rules such as "never kill an innocent human being" might be described as:
ANS: Maxims.
Which of the following objections to criminal punishment might be raised by a Kantian ethical
framework? ANS: All of the above
According to Aristotle, human beings are different from all other living things because of our: ANS:
Reason and rationality.
Which of the following comes closest to what Aristotle regarded as the highest human good? ANS:
Flourishing
An ethic of care would support punishing equally all criminal offenders found guilty of the same crime.
ANS: False
An ethic of care stresses the importance of rationally-derived universal rights in our interactions with
others and in resolving moral dilemmas. ANS: False
Determinate sentencing schemes severely restrict the amount of discretion judges have in determining
appropriate sentences for criminal offenders. ANS: True
According to Kohlberg, civil disobedience is characteristic of the most advanced stage of moral
reasoning. ANS: True
At which of the following levels of moral development might we place a person whose moral values and
principles are self-chosen, arrived at through independent reflection? ANS: Postconventional
Reasoning such as, "killing is wrong because it is against the law" or "abortion is wrong because the Bible
says so" is characteristic of the law-and-order orientation and stage of moral development. ANS: True
Engaging in lawbreaking behavior to achieve a reputation or gain status among peers would be most
consistent with which of the following stages of moral development: ANS: Interpersonal exchange and
conformity.
Research indicates that law enforcement officers who have a college education are, on average, better
able to empathize, communicate, and are generally more ethical than those who do not. ANS: True
Which of the following ethical frameworks suggests that morality should be linked to human nature,
including a concern for human dignity and universal human rights? ANS: Natural law
Engaging in actions such as environmental terrorism, draft-dodging, or committing illegal acts to
advance the cause of justice would reflect a preconventional level of development in Kohlberg's model.
ANS: False
Based on Kohlberg's model of moral development, committing illegal acts for the purpose of fighting
injustice would (or should) be less morally reprehensible than criminality motivated by vigilante justice.
ANS: True
Though Nazi leaders and war criminals had not committed "crimes" according to German law at the
time, we (and the United Nations) might argue that they had committed: ANS: Crimes against humanity.
,The notion of moral development implies that some beliefs, values, and ways-of-thinking about moral
issues reflect a more advanced and desirable form of ethical judgment. ANS: True
Which of the following, based in research indicating gender differences in responses to moral dilemmas,
suggests that we reserve a greater role for compassion, interpersonal relationships, and concern for and
responsiveness to the welfare of others in our moral reasoning? ANS: Care ethics
According to Kohlberg, which of the following likely plays an important role in our progression through
higher stages of moral development? ANS: Role-taking opportunities
John Stuart Mill's utilitarianism differs from that of Jeremy Bentham in that Mill implies that we should
consider some goods to be of a higher quality and, thus, more important than others. ANS: True
In contrast to Bentham, John Stuart Mill argued that happiness or pleasure should be understood: ANS:
Qualitatively.
Social hedonism is a type of hedonism which suggests that pleasure is the ultimate good, and that it is
only our own pleasures and pains that should matter not those of other people affected. ANS: False
The argument that aiding or assisting others might be degrading to them, implying that they are
incapable of helping themselves, is an argument commonly used to support qualitative varieties of
utilitarianism. ANS: False
The question and moral dilemma of whether "dirty" means are sometimes necessary to achieve the
"good" ends of police work is sometimes referred to as the "Dirty Harry" problem. ANS: True
Which of the following concepts best captures the utilitarian notion that each person's welfare is equally
important and, thus, that no one person's happiness should be regarded as more important than any
other person's? ANS: Agent neutrality
,Consequentialist ethical frameworks argue that our decisions and actions are morally "right" if they are
intended and can be reasonably expected to produce the best consequences. ANS: True
Which of the following is not a technique of deceptive interrogation? ANS: Physical coercion
Utilitarianism argues that our decisions should consider the likely consequences for everyone affected
by them. ANS: True
When presented with the Trolley Problem, most people are willing to flip a switch to save five lives at
the expense of one, but are not willing to physically push a person over a bridge to save five lives. ANS:
True
From a Kantian ethical perspective, if we would not be willing to have everyone in a similar situation
engage in a particular act, then we ourselves are morally prohibited from engaging in that act. ANS:
True
The idea of natural law (and natural rights) would commit a criminal justice practitioner to upholding
certain values even if it meant violating procedure or other formal rules and regulations. ANS: True
A moral duty is something we must - or must not - do, no matter how we feel about it, how we or others
might be affected, and irrespective of the situation. ANS: True
In general, utilitarianism argues that criminal punishment is justifiable because it prevents future crime.
ANS: True
To say that something is categorically imperative is to say that it ought to be done or must be done
regardless of consequences. ANS: True
, Kantian ethics and other ethical systems that focus on moral rights can be considered deontological.
ANS: True
Kantian ethics holds a moral rule or principle to be acceptable only if it can be applied to every person in
the same situation. ANS: True
Prima facie duties are different from categorical duties in that: ANS: They can be overridden by more
important duties in a given situation.
Moral principles or moral rules such as "never kill an innocent human being" might be described as:
ANS: Maxims.
Which of the following objections to criminal punishment might be raised by a Kantian ethical
framework? ANS: All of the above
According to Aristotle, human beings are different from all other living things because of our: ANS:
Reason and rationality.
Which of the following comes closest to what Aristotle regarded as the highest human good? ANS:
Flourishing
An ethic of care would support punishing equally all criminal offenders found guilty of the same crime.
ANS: False
An ethic of care stresses the importance of rationally-derived universal rights in our interactions with
others and in resolving moral dilemmas. ANS: False
Determinate sentencing schemes severely restrict the amount of discretion judges have in determining
appropriate sentences for criminal offenders. ANS: True
