INSTRUCTOR’S GUIDE TO
PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
For
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND
ANALYSIS
Fifth Edition
By
Benjamin S. Blanchard Wolter J.
Fabrycky
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I Introduction to Systems
Chapter 1 Systems Science and Engineering ............................................... 1
Chapter 2 Bringing Systems Into Being ...................................................... 7
Part II The System Design Process
Chapter 3 Conceptual System Design ....................................................... 12
Chapter 4 Preliminary System Design....................................................... 21
Chapter 5 Detail Design and Development ............................................... 28
Chapter 6 System Test, Evaluation, and Validation .................................. 34
Part III Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation
Chapter 7 Alternatives and Models in Decision Making........................... 40
Chapter 8 Models for Economic Evaluation.............................................. 48
Chapter 9 Optimization in Design and Operations .................................... 55
Chapter 10 Queuing Theory and Analysis................................................... 66
Chapter 11 Control Concepts and Methods ................................................. 72
Part IV Design for Operational Feasibility
Chapter 12 Design for Reliability ................................................................ 77
Chapter 13 Design for Maintainability ........................................................ 86
Chapter 14 Design for Usability (Human Factors) .......................................99
Chapter 15 Design for Logistics and Supportability ................................... 106
Chapter 16 Design for Producibility, Disposability, and Sustainability . 115 Chapter 17 Design
for Affordability (Life-Cycle Costing) ...........................................................120
Part V Systems Engineering Management
Chapter 18 Systems Engineering Planning and Organization .................... 140
Chapter 19 Program Management, Control, and Evaluation ...................... 151
, CHAPTER 1
SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
1) A river system (Mississippi) is an assemblage of a watershed, tributaries, and river banks
that conveys water from the continental U.S. to the Gulf of Mexico. A municipal
transportation system (Chicago) is an assemblage of trains, buses, subways, etc. that
transports people among many city locations. A system of organization and management
(Matrix) is based on a morphology and procedure, coordinating both line and support
functions. An automobile manufacturer is a combination of factories, organizations,
dealerships, etc., that delivers automobiles and related support services. A home is an
assemblage of land, structure, utilities, furnishings, and people that provides a supportive
place to live for one or more families. Reference: Section 1.1 and Footnote 1 (pages 3-4).
2) The major components of a home are listed in Answer 1 above. Attributes include acreage,
terrain, square footage, utility capacities, styles of decorating and furnishing, personalities,
and philosophies. Relationships include layout, allocation of space to people, and
approaches to living together. Reference: Section 1.1.1 (page 3).
3) A chemica1 processing plant is composed of structural components (building, tanks,
piping), operating components (pumps, valves, controls), and flow components (chemical
constituents, energy, information). Reference: Section 1.1.1 (page 4).
4) An air transportation system is composed of aircraft and numerous supporting facilities,
equipment, and personnel, each of which is a subsystem. An aircraft itself is composed of
lower–level subsystems (fuselage, wings, and engines) and these subsystems are further
composed of subsystems. For example, the engine is composed of the compressor rotor,
pump, pod, etc. Finally, the compressor rotor is composed of components such as the shaft
and rotor blades. Reference: Section 1.1.2 (page 4).
5) The boundaries of a dam system can be limited to the physical dam. Alternatively, the
human-modified river system, which now has a lake, can be considered a part of the dam
system. The related road system, for which the dam now provides a bridge over the river,
can be included. The region‘s tourism service system, for which the dam system now
provides an array of additional services, can be included. Reference: Section 1.1.2 (page 5).
6) A physical system such as a watershed has components which manifest themselves in space
and time, whereas a conceptual system such as a work breakdown structure has no physical
manifestations. It is only a plan for action. Reference: Section 1.2.2 (pages 6-7).
7) A static system such as a highway system may be contrasted with an airline system, which
is a dynamic system. In the former, structure exists without activity whereas in the latter,
structural components are combined with the activities of aircraft being loaded and
unloaded, aircraft in flight, and controls which govern the entire operation. Reference:
Section 1.2.3 (page 7).
, 8) A cannon is an example of a closed system. When a cannon is fired, a one–to–one
correspondence exists between the initial and final states. However, the defense
contractor‘s design and manufacturing organization that produced the cannon and
associated projectile is an open system, with a dynamic interaction of system components.
These system components must be reconfigured and adapted to cope with changing
requirements. Reference: Section 1.2.4 (page 8).
9) A watershed is a natural system made up of objects or components such as land,
vegetation, and the watercourse; attributes such as the soil type, timber species, and the
river width; and relationships such as the distribution of the attributes over the terrain. A
chemical processing plant is a human–made system with components described in Answer
3 above, attributes such as tank volume and pipe diameter, and relationships such as the
flow rates and the yield of final product per energy unit utilized. A person with a
pacemaker is a human-modified system with components of body parts and pacemaker
parts, attributes such as body mass, diseases, attitudes, battery, controller, and electrodes,
and relationships such as implantation location, rhythm, and signal strength. Reference:
Section 1.1.1 (pages 3-4) and Section 1.2.1 (page 6).
10) The purposes of a chemical processing plant in a market economy are to produce one or
more chemical products and possibly byproducts that can be sold at a profit while fulfilling
obligations to stakeholders and the public. Measures of worth include production cost per
unit volume, product quality, flexibility of product mix, benefits to stakeholders, and
compatibility with society. Reference: Section 1.1 (pages 3-5).
11) During startup the state of a chemical processing plant is that pipes and vessels are filled to
a certain location and empty after that location; pumps for vessels being filled are running
and valves are open while other pumps are not running and valves are closed. A behavior is
that when a vessel is filled, the control system turns off the pump (in a batch system) or
reduces its speed (in a continuous system) and activates the next step in the process. The
process is to start up, achieve the designated operational speed for each subsystem,
continuously monitor the production results and make needed adjustments, and eventually
shut down and clean out. Reference: Section 1.1.1 (pages 3-4).
12) A pump and the tank it fills have a relationship. The pump provides the material that the
tank needs, while the tank provides a location where the pump can store the material it
needs to deliver. The attributes of the pump must be engineered so that it can reliably move
the material(s) the tank needs at an adequate rate for any given speed of overall system
operation. The attributes of the tank must be engineered so that it can store the quantities of
material the pump must deliver without corrosion or contamination. Thus the downstream
components have the material they need to fulfill the plant‘s production purpose without
problems of quality or pollution. Reference: Section 1.1.1 (pages 3-4).
13) In a computer system, the power supply and system board have a first-order relationship
because the system board must receive the reduced voltage produced by the power supply
in order to function, and the power supply would be useless if there were no system board
to perform and coordinate the computer functions. The system board has a second-order
PROBLEM SOLUTIONS
For
SYSTEMS ENGINEERING AND
ANALYSIS
Fifth Edition
By
Benjamin S. Blanchard Wolter J.
Fabrycky
, TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I Introduction to Systems
Chapter 1 Systems Science and Engineering ............................................... 1
Chapter 2 Bringing Systems Into Being ...................................................... 7
Part II The System Design Process
Chapter 3 Conceptual System Design ....................................................... 12
Chapter 4 Preliminary System Design....................................................... 21
Chapter 5 Detail Design and Development ............................................... 28
Chapter 6 System Test, Evaluation, and Validation .................................. 34
Part III Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation
Chapter 7 Alternatives and Models in Decision Making........................... 40
Chapter 8 Models for Economic Evaluation.............................................. 48
Chapter 9 Optimization in Design and Operations .................................... 55
Chapter 10 Queuing Theory and Analysis................................................... 66
Chapter 11 Control Concepts and Methods ................................................. 72
Part IV Design for Operational Feasibility
Chapter 12 Design for Reliability ................................................................ 77
Chapter 13 Design for Maintainability ........................................................ 86
Chapter 14 Design for Usability (Human Factors) .......................................99
Chapter 15 Design for Logistics and Supportability ................................... 106
Chapter 16 Design for Producibility, Disposability, and Sustainability . 115 Chapter 17 Design
for Affordability (Life-Cycle Costing) ...........................................................120
Part V Systems Engineering Management
Chapter 18 Systems Engineering Planning and Organization .................... 140
Chapter 19 Program Management, Control, and Evaluation ...................... 151
, CHAPTER 1
SYSTEMS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
1) A river system (Mississippi) is an assemblage of a watershed, tributaries, and river banks
that conveys water from the continental U.S. to the Gulf of Mexico. A municipal
transportation system (Chicago) is an assemblage of trains, buses, subways, etc. that
transports people among many city locations. A system of organization and management
(Matrix) is based on a morphology and procedure, coordinating both line and support
functions. An automobile manufacturer is a combination of factories, organizations,
dealerships, etc., that delivers automobiles and related support services. A home is an
assemblage of land, structure, utilities, furnishings, and people that provides a supportive
place to live for one or more families. Reference: Section 1.1 and Footnote 1 (pages 3-4).
2) The major components of a home are listed in Answer 1 above. Attributes include acreage,
terrain, square footage, utility capacities, styles of decorating and furnishing, personalities,
and philosophies. Relationships include layout, allocation of space to people, and
approaches to living together. Reference: Section 1.1.1 (page 3).
3) A chemica1 processing plant is composed of structural components (building, tanks,
piping), operating components (pumps, valves, controls), and flow components (chemical
constituents, energy, information). Reference: Section 1.1.1 (page 4).
4) An air transportation system is composed of aircraft and numerous supporting facilities,
equipment, and personnel, each of which is a subsystem. An aircraft itself is composed of
lower–level subsystems (fuselage, wings, and engines) and these subsystems are further
composed of subsystems. For example, the engine is composed of the compressor rotor,
pump, pod, etc. Finally, the compressor rotor is composed of components such as the shaft
and rotor blades. Reference: Section 1.1.2 (page 4).
5) The boundaries of a dam system can be limited to the physical dam. Alternatively, the
human-modified river system, which now has a lake, can be considered a part of the dam
system. The related road system, for which the dam now provides a bridge over the river,
can be included. The region‘s tourism service system, for which the dam system now
provides an array of additional services, can be included. Reference: Section 1.1.2 (page 5).
6) A physical system such as a watershed has components which manifest themselves in space
and time, whereas a conceptual system such as a work breakdown structure has no physical
manifestations. It is only a plan for action. Reference: Section 1.2.2 (pages 6-7).
7) A static system such as a highway system may be contrasted with an airline system, which
is a dynamic system. In the former, structure exists without activity whereas in the latter,
structural components are combined with the activities of aircraft being loaded and
unloaded, aircraft in flight, and controls which govern the entire operation. Reference:
Section 1.2.3 (page 7).
, 8) A cannon is an example of a closed system. When a cannon is fired, a one–to–one
correspondence exists between the initial and final states. However, the defense
contractor‘s design and manufacturing organization that produced the cannon and
associated projectile is an open system, with a dynamic interaction of system components.
These system components must be reconfigured and adapted to cope with changing
requirements. Reference: Section 1.2.4 (page 8).
9) A watershed is a natural system made up of objects or components such as land,
vegetation, and the watercourse; attributes such as the soil type, timber species, and the
river width; and relationships such as the distribution of the attributes over the terrain. A
chemical processing plant is a human–made system with components described in Answer
3 above, attributes such as tank volume and pipe diameter, and relationships such as the
flow rates and the yield of final product per energy unit utilized. A person with a
pacemaker is a human-modified system with components of body parts and pacemaker
parts, attributes such as body mass, diseases, attitudes, battery, controller, and electrodes,
and relationships such as implantation location, rhythm, and signal strength. Reference:
Section 1.1.1 (pages 3-4) and Section 1.2.1 (page 6).
10) The purposes of a chemical processing plant in a market economy are to produce one or
more chemical products and possibly byproducts that can be sold at a profit while fulfilling
obligations to stakeholders and the public. Measures of worth include production cost per
unit volume, product quality, flexibility of product mix, benefits to stakeholders, and
compatibility with society. Reference: Section 1.1 (pages 3-5).
11) During startup the state of a chemical processing plant is that pipes and vessels are filled to
a certain location and empty after that location; pumps for vessels being filled are running
and valves are open while other pumps are not running and valves are closed. A behavior is
that when a vessel is filled, the control system turns off the pump (in a batch system) or
reduces its speed (in a continuous system) and activates the next step in the process. The
process is to start up, achieve the designated operational speed for each subsystem,
continuously monitor the production results and make needed adjustments, and eventually
shut down and clean out. Reference: Section 1.1.1 (pages 3-4).
12) A pump and the tank it fills have a relationship. The pump provides the material that the
tank needs, while the tank provides a location where the pump can store the material it
needs to deliver. The attributes of the pump must be engineered so that it can reliably move
the material(s) the tank needs at an adequate rate for any given speed of overall system
operation. The attributes of the tank must be engineered so that it can store the quantities of
material the pump must deliver without corrosion or contamination. Thus the downstream
components have the material they need to fulfill the plant‘s production purpose without
problems of quality or pollution. Reference: Section 1.1.1 (pages 3-4).
13) In a computer system, the power supply and system board have a first-order relationship
because the system board must receive the reduced voltage produced by the power supply
in order to function, and the power supply would be useless if there were no system board
to perform and coordinate the computer functions. The system board has a second-order
