TEST 4/FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2023/2024,BEST EXAM FOR SUCCESS
Test 4 will be based on the following information from the forth (4 th) module. In addition, you
should review the ethical issues covered this semester and be prepared to discuss those that
interest you the most. Lastly, you may find a few extra credit questions based off of material
from past lessons sprinkled into the test.
Lesson 19: Cancer
1. Describe the characteristics of cancer cells that distinguish them from normal cells
• Cancer cells lack differentiation
o Differentiation: the process by which a cell acquires a spevific structure and
function
oCancer cells ar nonspecialized and do not contribute to the functioning of the
body
• Cancer cells have abnormal nuclei
o The nuclei are enlarged and may contain an abnormal number of chromosomes
▪ Also, often have chromosomal mutations
• Cancer cells have unlimited potential to replicate
o The ends of chromosomes are repetitive DNA sequences called telomeres
o Normally the telomere get shorter after eah cell cycle
oTelomeres in cancr cells don’t get shorter
• Cancer cells gradually become abnormal
o foun
▪ Initiation: single cells undergoes a mutation that causes it to begin to
divide repeatedly
▪ Promotion: tumor develops and tumer continues to divide and
undergoes mutation
▪ Progression: mutation gives it selective advantage over the other cells;
repeated several times; there is a cell that has the ability to invade
surrounding tissue
• Cancer cells undergo
o To grow larger, a tumor must have a good blood supply
o Angiogensis: formation of new blood vessels
o Metatsis: cells cross the basement membrane, invade a blood or lymphatic
vessel and forma new tumor
2. Explain how heredity and the environment may both contribute to cancer development
• Mutagen – an agent that causes mutations
,TEST 4/FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2023/2024,BEST EXAM FOR SUCCESS
• Carcinogen – a chemical that causes cancer by being mutagenic
• Heredity can predispose a person to cancer, but whether it develops
depends on environmental mutagens
• Radiation – can cause mutations
o found in radon gas, nuclear fuel, and X-ray
o ultraviolet light also causwe mutation (lead to skin cancer)
• Tobacco smoke contains organic chemicals that are known are mutagens
• The greater the exposure the more likely that cancer will develop
,TEST 4/FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2023/2024,BEST EXAM FOR SUCCESS
• 80% of all cancers related to the use of tobacco products
o When smoking with drinking alcohol, the risk of these cancer increases
• Visuses cause cancer
o Hepatitis A and B cause liver cancer
oHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause cervical cancers
▪ There is a vaccine
o Epstein-Barr HTLV-1 causes hairy cell leukemia
• Dietary choices
o High-fat diet and obesity cause breast and prostate cancer
o American Cancer Society recommends consumption of fruits and
vegetables, whole grains instead of processed, and limited consumption of
red meats
o Exercise is also recommended
3. List the seven warning signs of cancer
• C: change in bowel or bladder habits
• A: a sore that does not heal
• U: unusual bleeding or discharge
• T: thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
• I: indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
• O: obvious change in wart or mole
• N: nagging couch or hoarseness
4. Describe how radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery may all be used to treat
cancer
• 1. Surgery
o With the exception of cancers of the blood
▪ But because there is always the danger that some cancer cells will
be left behind, often preceded by/or followed by radiation
therapy and chemo
• 2. Radiation: focused radiation used to damage and kill cancer cells
o Ionizing radiation causes chromosomal breage and cell cycle disruption
o Rapidly dividing cells are more suscelptible to its effects than other cells
oCan be administered through a beam or tiny radioactive sources can be
implanted in the body
o Side effect: weakness, fatigue, dry mouth, nausea, diarrhea, irritated skin, hair
loss
• 3. Chemotherapy: administration of cytoxic (cell damaging) chemicals to destroy cells
o Treats the entire body, hoping to kill cancerous cells that escaped from the
original tumor
, TEST 4/FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2023/2024,BEST EXAM FOR SUCCESS
o Most chemo drugs kill cells by damaging their DNA or interfering with DNA
synthesis
o Combining drugs that have different actions destroy a greater number of
cancer cells
▪ Also reduce the risk of the cancer developing resistance
• 4. Bone marrow transplants
o Red bone marrow contains many dividing cells, particularly prone to
destruction by chemotherapeutic drugs
o A patient’s stem cells are stored before chem begins
▪ They are then returned to patient; they make their wat to the bones,
where they resume blood cell formation
LATEST UPDATE 2023/2024,BEST EXAM FOR SUCCESS
Test 4 will be based on the following information from the forth (4 th) module. In addition, you
should review the ethical issues covered this semester and be prepared to discuss those that
interest you the most. Lastly, you may find a few extra credit questions based off of material
from past lessons sprinkled into the test.
Lesson 19: Cancer
1. Describe the characteristics of cancer cells that distinguish them from normal cells
• Cancer cells lack differentiation
o Differentiation: the process by which a cell acquires a spevific structure and
function
oCancer cells ar nonspecialized and do not contribute to the functioning of the
body
• Cancer cells have abnormal nuclei
o The nuclei are enlarged and may contain an abnormal number of chromosomes
▪ Also, often have chromosomal mutations
• Cancer cells have unlimited potential to replicate
o The ends of chromosomes are repetitive DNA sequences called telomeres
o Normally the telomere get shorter after eah cell cycle
oTelomeres in cancr cells don’t get shorter
• Cancer cells gradually become abnormal
o foun
▪ Initiation: single cells undergoes a mutation that causes it to begin to
divide repeatedly
▪ Promotion: tumor develops and tumer continues to divide and
undergoes mutation
▪ Progression: mutation gives it selective advantage over the other cells;
repeated several times; there is a cell that has the ability to invade
surrounding tissue
• Cancer cells undergo
o To grow larger, a tumor must have a good blood supply
o Angiogensis: formation of new blood vessels
o Metatsis: cells cross the basement membrane, invade a blood or lymphatic
vessel and forma new tumor
2. Explain how heredity and the environment may both contribute to cancer development
• Mutagen – an agent that causes mutations
,TEST 4/FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2023/2024,BEST EXAM FOR SUCCESS
• Carcinogen – a chemical that causes cancer by being mutagenic
• Heredity can predispose a person to cancer, but whether it develops
depends on environmental mutagens
• Radiation – can cause mutations
o found in radon gas, nuclear fuel, and X-ray
o ultraviolet light also causwe mutation (lead to skin cancer)
• Tobacco smoke contains organic chemicals that are known are mutagens
• The greater the exposure the more likely that cancer will develop
,TEST 4/FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2023/2024,BEST EXAM FOR SUCCESS
• 80% of all cancers related to the use of tobacco products
o When smoking with drinking alcohol, the risk of these cancer increases
• Visuses cause cancer
o Hepatitis A and B cause liver cancer
oHuman papillomaviruses (HPVs) cause cervical cancers
▪ There is a vaccine
o Epstein-Barr HTLV-1 causes hairy cell leukemia
• Dietary choices
o High-fat diet and obesity cause breast and prostate cancer
o American Cancer Society recommends consumption of fruits and
vegetables, whole grains instead of processed, and limited consumption of
red meats
o Exercise is also recommended
3. List the seven warning signs of cancer
• C: change in bowel or bladder habits
• A: a sore that does not heal
• U: unusual bleeding or discharge
• T: thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere
• I: indigestion or difficulty in swallowing
• O: obvious change in wart or mole
• N: nagging couch or hoarseness
4. Describe how radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and surgery may all be used to treat
cancer
• 1. Surgery
o With the exception of cancers of the blood
▪ But because there is always the danger that some cancer cells will
be left behind, often preceded by/or followed by radiation
therapy and chemo
• 2. Radiation: focused radiation used to damage and kill cancer cells
o Ionizing radiation causes chromosomal breage and cell cycle disruption
o Rapidly dividing cells are more suscelptible to its effects than other cells
oCan be administered through a beam or tiny radioactive sources can be
implanted in the body
o Side effect: weakness, fatigue, dry mouth, nausea, diarrhea, irritated skin, hair
loss
• 3. Chemotherapy: administration of cytoxic (cell damaging) chemicals to destroy cells
o Treats the entire body, hoping to kill cancerous cells that escaped from the
original tumor
, TEST 4/FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
LATEST UPDATE 2023/2024,BEST EXAM FOR SUCCESS
o Most chemo drugs kill cells by damaging their DNA or interfering with DNA
synthesis
o Combining drugs that have different actions destroy a greater number of
cancer cells
▪ Also reduce the risk of the cancer developing resistance
• 4. Bone marrow transplants
o Red bone marrow contains many dividing cells, particularly prone to
destruction by chemotherapeutic drugs
o A patient’s stem cells are stored before chem begins
▪ They are then returned to patient; they make their wat to the bones,
where they resume blood cell formation
