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PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 231 FINAL
REVIEW EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- 100+
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Validity is how a tool measures what it is intended to measure. Reliability is how
likely the same result will occur if repeated. Sensitivity is the proportion of people
with a disease who are positive for that disease. Specificity are people without the
disease who are negative on a given test.
Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.
Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues.
Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
What is the difference between morphology and histology?
A symptom is a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or
dizziness. A sign is an objective manifestation, for example an elevated
temperature, a swollen extremity, or changes in pupil size.
Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of
each.
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The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination (PE), and
sometimes diagnostic tests.
What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis?
Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks
age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks.
Incidence is the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified
time. Prevalence is the number of people with the disease in a population in a
given time.
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Morbidity is the effect of an illness on one’s life. Mortality statistics deal with the
cause of death in a population.
Define mortality and morbidity.
Primary prevention is to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring-
taking folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating
children to prevent communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to
prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or helmets. Secondary prevention
aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is asymptomatic
and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early cervical cancer, encouraging
, 3
smoking cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy
screening. Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and
clinical intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration- certain
medications one must take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future
event or death.
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each.
Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current
best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to
counteract “the way things have always been done,” and to practice based on
clinical research.
Why is evidence-based practice important?
All eukaryotic cells have three primary structures that are considered the
functional components of the cell. These are the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the
plasma membrane.
What are the 3 primary structures of the cell?
The nucleus is the control center for the cell and contains most of the hereditary
material, DNA and RNA.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope
Name 3 structures within the nucleus.
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The organelles in the cytoplasm include the ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex,
mitochondria, and lysosomes.
What organelles are located in the cytoplasm?
The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The Rough ER has
ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The smooth ER does
not have ribosomes and is the site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormone
synthesis.
What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER?
Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell. Peroxisomes are smaller than
lysosomes and function in the control of free radicals. The mitochondria are aptly
termed the “power plants” of the cell, as they transform organic compounds
(energy in food) into cellular energy for the cell.
What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria?
The cytoskeleton contains a network of microtubules, microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and thick filaments. They control cell shape and
movement.
What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function?
Cilia can be found on many epithelial linings, including the nasal sinuses and
bronchi in the upper respiratory system. In the human body, only spermatozoa
contain flagella.
Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body.
PORTAGE LEARNING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY NURS 231 FINAL
REVIEW EXAM NEWEST VERSION -2025/2026- 100+
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 100% CORRECT
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
Validity is how a tool measures what it is intended to measure. Reliability is how
likely the same result will occur if repeated. Sensitivity is the proportion of people
with a disease who are positive for that disease. Specificity are people without the
disease who are negative on a given test.
Explain validity, reliability, sensitivity, and specificity.
Morphology is defined as the fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues.
Histology is the study of the cells and extracellular matrix of body tissues.
What is the difference between morphology and histology?
A symptom is a subjective complaint, for example pain, trouble breathing, or
dizziness. A sign is an objective manifestation, for example an elevated
temperature, a swollen extremity, or changes in pupil size.
Describe the difference between signs and symptoms and give an example of
each.
, 2
The diagnostic process requires a careful history, physical examination (PE), and
sometimes diagnostic tests.
What are 3 important processes when coming to a diagnosis?
Epidemiology is the study of disease occurrence in human populations. It tracks
age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
Define epidemiology and name some things that it tracks.
Incidence is the number of new cases in a population at risk during a specified
time. Prevalence is the number of people with the disease in a population in a
given time.
What is the difference between incidence and prevalence?
Morbidity is the effect of an illness on one’s life. Mortality statistics deal with the
cause of death in a population.
Define mortality and morbidity.
Primary prevention is to remove risk factors to prevent disease from occurring-
taking folic acid while pregnant to prevent neural tube defects, vaccinating
children to prevent communicable disease, eating healthy and exercising to
prevent heart disease, and wearing seatbelts or helmets. Secondary prevention
aims to detect and treat disease early, usually while the disease is asymptomatic
and curable- annual Pap smears to detect early cervical cancer, encouraging
, 3
smoking cessation, checking blood pressure and cholesterol, and colonoscopy
screening. Tertiary prevention occurs after a disease has been diagnosed and
clinical intervention is needed to reduce complications or deterioration- certain
medications one must take after a heart attack to help reduce the risk of a future
event or death.
Define primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention and give an example of each.
Evidence-based practice is the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current
best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. This is to
counteract “the way things have always been done,” and to practice based on
clinical research.
Why is evidence-based practice important?
All eukaryotic cells have three primary structures that are considered the
functional components of the cell. These are the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the
plasma membrane.
What are the 3 primary structures of the cell?
The nucleus is the control center for the cell and contains most of the hereditary
material, DNA and RNA.
What is the function of the nucleus?
Chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear envelope
Name 3 structures within the nucleus.
, 4
The organelles in the cytoplasm include the ribosomes, ER, Golgi complex,
mitochondria, and lysosomes.
What organelles are located in the cytoplasm?
The ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis in the cell. The Rough ER has
ribosomes and functions to synthesize lysosomal enzymes. The smooth ER does
not have ribosomes and is the site for lipid, lipoprotein, and steroid hormone
synthesis.
What are the roles of the ribosomes, rough ER, and smooth ER?
Lysosomes are the digestive system of the cell. Peroxisomes are smaller than
lysosomes and function in the control of free radicals. The mitochondria are aptly
termed the “power plants” of the cell, as they transform organic compounds
(energy in food) into cellular energy for the cell.
What is the function of the lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria?
The cytoskeleton contains a network of microtubules, microfilaments,
intermediate filaments, and thick filaments. They control cell shape and
movement.
What is contained in the cytoskeleton and what is its function?
Cilia can be found on many epithelial linings, including the nasal sinuses and
bronchi in the upper respiratory system. In the human body, only spermatozoa
contain flagella.
Give examples of where cilia and flagella are found in the human body.
