GNRS 582 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary- axis? - Answers - It is the relationship between the;
1. nervous system; 2. endocrine system; and
3. immune system
What systems does the HPA effect in the body? - Answers - 1. nervous system:
sympathetic branch of the ANS
2. endocrine system: pituitary and adrenal
3. immune system
What are Epinephrine and Norepinephrine? - Answers - Catecholamines
Epinephrine (EPI) - Answers - 1. Increases myocardial contractility (+ inotropy)
2. Increases HR (+ chronotropy)
3. Increases venous return to heart
4. Increases CO
5. Increases BP
6. Increases transiently in BS
7. Causes bronchodilation
Norepinephrine (NEPI) (Catecholamines) - Answers - 8. binds with alpha receptors
only
9. increases BP by vasoconstriction
10. dilates pupils
11. IS A MORE POTENT VASOCONSTRICTOR THAN EPINEPHRINE
Why is Nepi is used to treat hypotension in shock? - Answers -
Cortisol: (Glucocorticoids) - Answers - 12. Increases BP
13. Increases CO
14. Increases lipolysis
15. immunosuppression and enhanced immunity
16. anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory
What causes fever? - Answers - 1. Caused by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens
2. Infection
3. mechanical damage
4. ischemia
5. nutrient deprivation
6. temperature extremes
7. radiation
What part of the brain is affected? - Answers - Act directly on the hypothalamus
, What Is the purpose of fever? - Answers - 1. Limit and control the inflammatory
process
2. Prevent and limit infection and further damage
3. Initiates the development of the adaptive immune response
4. Initiate healing
What is the purpose of Plasma Protein Systems? - Answers - Effective inflammatory
response
Plasma Protein Systems - Answers - The key to an effective inflammatory response is
the 3 plasma protein systems. Each system consists of multiple proteins in the blood.
The 3 plasma protein systems: - Answers - 1. Complement system
2. Coagulation system
3. Kinin system
- All systems contain inactive enzymes: proenzymes
- Sequentially activated
What initiates each of the 3 systems? - Answers - Pathogenic invasion: initial
activation causes sequential activation of systems (cascade). All meant to help the
individual
What is the result or effect of Complement system (body's rx) - Answers - 1. Can
destroy pathogens directly
2. Activates or collaborates with every other component of the inflammatory response
What is the result or effect of Coagulation (clotting) system? - Answers - 1. Responds
to: vascular or clotting disease
2. Forms fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site
a. Prevents the spread of infection
b. Keeps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of greatest inflammatory cell
activity
c. Forms a clot that stops bleeding (Ca+ needed for clotting system)
d. Provides a framework for repair and healing
3. INTRINSIC PATHWAY
a. Activated when the damaged endothelium comes in contact with circulating blood
4. EXTRINSIC PATHWAY
a. Activated when there is endothelial damage to cells
5. Kinin System
a. Interacts closely with the coagulation system
b. Initiated through activation of the Hageman factor (factor XII) to factor XIIa
c. Fx: activate and assist inflammatory cells
d. Final product of the kinin system is bradykinin
What is the hypothalamic-pituitary- axis? - Answers - It is the relationship between the;
1. nervous system; 2. endocrine system; and
3. immune system
What systems does the HPA effect in the body? - Answers - 1. nervous system:
sympathetic branch of the ANS
2. endocrine system: pituitary and adrenal
3. immune system
What are Epinephrine and Norepinephrine? - Answers - Catecholamines
Epinephrine (EPI) - Answers - 1. Increases myocardial contractility (+ inotropy)
2. Increases HR (+ chronotropy)
3. Increases venous return to heart
4. Increases CO
5. Increases BP
6. Increases transiently in BS
7. Causes bronchodilation
Norepinephrine (NEPI) (Catecholamines) - Answers - 8. binds with alpha receptors
only
9. increases BP by vasoconstriction
10. dilates pupils
11. IS A MORE POTENT VASOCONSTRICTOR THAN EPINEPHRINE
Why is Nepi is used to treat hypotension in shock? - Answers -
Cortisol: (Glucocorticoids) - Answers - 12. Increases BP
13. Increases CO
14. Increases lipolysis
15. immunosuppression and enhanced immunity
16. anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory
What causes fever? - Answers - 1. Caused by exogenous and endogenous pyrogens
2. Infection
3. mechanical damage
4. ischemia
5. nutrient deprivation
6. temperature extremes
7. radiation
What part of the brain is affected? - Answers - Act directly on the hypothalamus
, What Is the purpose of fever? - Answers - 1. Limit and control the inflammatory
process
2. Prevent and limit infection and further damage
3. Initiates the development of the adaptive immune response
4. Initiate healing
What is the purpose of Plasma Protein Systems? - Answers - Effective inflammatory
response
Plasma Protein Systems - Answers - The key to an effective inflammatory response is
the 3 plasma protein systems. Each system consists of multiple proteins in the blood.
The 3 plasma protein systems: - Answers - 1. Complement system
2. Coagulation system
3. Kinin system
- All systems contain inactive enzymes: proenzymes
- Sequentially activated
What initiates each of the 3 systems? - Answers - Pathogenic invasion: initial
activation causes sequential activation of systems (cascade). All meant to help the
individual
What is the result or effect of Complement system (body's rx) - Answers - 1. Can
destroy pathogens directly
2. Activates or collaborates with every other component of the inflammatory response
What is the result or effect of Coagulation (clotting) system? - Answers - 1. Responds
to: vascular or clotting disease
2. Forms fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site
a. Prevents the spread of infection
b. Keeps microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of greatest inflammatory cell
activity
c. Forms a clot that stops bleeding (Ca+ needed for clotting system)
d. Provides a framework for repair and healing
3. INTRINSIC PATHWAY
a. Activated when the damaged endothelium comes in contact with circulating blood
4. EXTRINSIC PATHWAY
a. Activated when there is endothelial damage to cells
5. Kinin System
a. Interacts closely with the coagulation system
b. Initiated through activation of the Hageman factor (factor XII) to factor XIIa
c. Fx: activate and assist inflammatory cells
d. Final product of the kinin system is bradykinin
