HOLT GNRS 582 EXAM #3 - PULMONARY AND
CARDIAC PART 1
Virchow's triad - Answers - Hypercoagulability, venous stasis and endothelial damage
Hypercoagulability - Answers - is an abnormality of blood coagulation that increases
the risk of thrombosis (blood clots in blood vessels).
venous stasis - Answers - a disorder in which the normal flow of fluid through a vessel
of the body is slowed or halted; the underlying cause of thrombus formation.
endothelial damage - Answers - Trauma or injury to a blood vessel
Pulmonary embolus - Answers - Blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its
branches due to a translocated clot
Pulmonary embolus - Clinical signs - Answers - 1. ACUTE RT. SIDED HEART
FAILURE
2. ACUTE PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
3. OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK (assoc. w/ MASSIVE PE)
4. Most cases are non-specific symptoms, others are sudden
5. Tachypnea, Dyspnea, Chest pain
6. Increased dead space
7. V/Q mismatch
8. Decreased PaO2
9. Pulmonary infarction / pulmonary hypertension
10. Decreased cardiac output
11. Systemic hypotension
Tachypnea - Answers - rapid breathing
Dyspnea - Answers - subjective sensation of difficulty breathing
Shortness of breath
PaO2 - Answers - Physically dissolved in plasma
abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in
the blood
Pulmonary infarction - Answers - Lung tissue that is damaged or dies as a result of
blood vessel occlusion and tissue ischemia.
, pulmonary hypertension - Answers - elevated pulmonary pressure resulting from an
increase in pulmonary vascular resistance to blood flow through small arteries and
arterioles.
Pulmonary Embolus - Sequence - Answers - Remember for PE the sequence of
events is hypoxia (from obstruction of blood flow to a portion of the lung):
1. pulmonary vasoconstriction
2. pulmonary hypertension
3. acute right sided heart failure
4. poor cardiac output.
Pulmonary Embolus - Treatment - Answers - Give oxygen, remove/dissolve clot,
restore flow
pulmonary vasoconstriction - Answers - step the body takes to compensate for
hypoxemia that involves increased pulmonary artery pressure which will help correct a
V/Q mismatch (dead space)
Primary Pulmonary HTN - Answers - 1. progressive right-side heart failure, low cardiac
output (CO), and death
2. In primary cases, we do not know WHY this develops in Pt
Secondary Pulmonary HTN - Answers - Usually associated with cardiac or pulmonary
diseases causing...
1. CHRONIC HYPOXIA/ METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
2. Develops at any age
3. Increased pulmonary: venous pressures, blood flow, vascular obstruction; hypoxemia
4. Can be things like: COPD, heart failure, sleep apnea
Pulmonary HTN - Treatment - Answers - 1. O2
2. pulmonary vasodilators (CCB, flolan, viagra)
3. lung transplant
Cor pulmonale - Answers - 1. Right ventricle heart failure (hypertrophy & dilation)
resulting from primary lung disease or pulmonary hypertension
2. Failure of the right side (right ventricle) of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of
blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure (RF) - Answers - It is the result of inadequate
exchange of oxygen between the alveoli and the capillaries and the individual must
receive supplemental oxygen therapy.
Hypoxemia, reduced oxygen content of arterial blood, can be caused by ... - Answers -
1. decreased oxygen content of inspired air such as decreased oxygen levels at high
altitudes
CARDIAC PART 1
Virchow's triad - Answers - Hypercoagulability, venous stasis and endothelial damage
Hypercoagulability - Answers - is an abnormality of blood coagulation that increases
the risk of thrombosis (blood clots in blood vessels).
venous stasis - Answers - a disorder in which the normal flow of fluid through a vessel
of the body is slowed or halted; the underlying cause of thrombus formation.
endothelial damage - Answers - Trauma or injury to a blood vessel
Pulmonary embolus - Answers - Blockage of the pulmonary artery or one of its
branches due to a translocated clot
Pulmonary embolus - Clinical signs - Answers - 1. ACUTE RT. SIDED HEART
FAILURE
2. ACUTE PULMONARY HYPERTENSION
3. OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK (assoc. w/ MASSIVE PE)
4. Most cases are non-specific symptoms, others are sudden
5. Tachypnea, Dyspnea, Chest pain
6. Increased dead space
7. V/Q mismatch
8. Decreased PaO2
9. Pulmonary infarction / pulmonary hypertension
10. Decreased cardiac output
11. Systemic hypotension
Tachypnea - Answers - rapid breathing
Dyspnea - Answers - subjective sensation of difficulty breathing
Shortness of breath
PaO2 - Answers - Physically dissolved in plasma
abbreviation for partial pressure of oxygen; measurement of the amount of oxygen in
the blood
Pulmonary infarction - Answers - Lung tissue that is damaged or dies as a result of
blood vessel occlusion and tissue ischemia.
, pulmonary hypertension - Answers - elevated pulmonary pressure resulting from an
increase in pulmonary vascular resistance to blood flow through small arteries and
arterioles.
Pulmonary Embolus - Sequence - Answers - Remember for PE the sequence of
events is hypoxia (from obstruction of blood flow to a portion of the lung):
1. pulmonary vasoconstriction
2. pulmonary hypertension
3. acute right sided heart failure
4. poor cardiac output.
Pulmonary Embolus - Treatment - Answers - Give oxygen, remove/dissolve clot,
restore flow
pulmonary vasoconstriction - Answers - step the body takes to compensate for
hypoxemia that involves increased pulmonary artery pressure which will help correct a
V/Q mismatch (dead space)
Primary Pulmonary HTN - Answers - 1. progressive right-side heart failure, low cardiac
output (CO), and death
2. In primary cases, we do not know WHY this develops in Pt
Secondary Pulmonary HTN - Answers - Usually associated with cardiac or pulmonary
diseases causing...
1. CHRONIC HYPOXIA/ METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
2. Develops at any age
3. Increased pulmonary: venous pressures, blood flow, vascular obstruction; hypoxemia
4. Can be things like: COPD, heart failure, sleep apnea
Pulmonary HTN - Treatment - Answers - 1. O2
2. pulmonary vasodilators (CCB, flolan, viagra)
3. lung transplant
Cor pulmonale - Answers - 1. Right ventricle heart failure (hypertrophy & dilation)
resulting from primary lung disease or pulmonary hypertension
2. Failure of the right side (right ventricle) of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of
blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease
Hypoxemic Respiratory Failure (RF) - Answers - It is the result of inadequate
exchange of oxygen between the alveoli and the capillaries and the individual must
receive supplemental oxygen therapy.
Hypoxemia, reduced oxygen content of arterial blood, can be caused by ... - Answers -
1. decreased oxygen content of inspired air such as decreased oxygen levels at high
altitudes
