GNRS 582A FINAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What is an effect of cortisol? - Answers - Anti-inflammatory, a cause of hyperglycemia
Atrophy - Answers - Decrease in cell size. (Ex: shrinkage due to disuse)
Hypertrophy - Answers - Increase in cell size. (ex: increase in heart size)
Hyperplasia - Answers - Increase in the number of cells. (ex: liver)
Metaplasia - Answers - Replacement of one type of cell with another (ex: cigarette
smoking)
Dysplasia - Answers - Abnormal development of cells (ex: cancer)
Which type of cell or organ change is always pathologic?
1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia - Answers - 5 Dysplasia
Which type of cell or organ change may be pathologic?
1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia - Answers - 1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia
Which is reversible, ischemia or infarction? - Answers - Ischemia
What are systemic signs of cell injury? - Answers - They are non-specific
-Fatigue and malaise
-Altered appetite
-Fever
-Leukocytosis
-Increased heart rate
-Pain
What is the most common cause of cellular injury? - Answers - Hypoxia
,Why does cellular swelling occur in a hypoxic situation? - Answers - Decreased ATP
production which causes failure of NA/K -ATPase. Pump failure
What are the two cellular responses to hypoxia? - Answers - -Cellular swelling
-Lactic acid production
What do ROS cause? - Answers - -Cell membrane breakdown and lysis of cell
-Alteration of protein folding
-DNA damage
What is a reperfusion injury? - Answers - Blood is restored and free radicals are
released from tissues. Free radicals are due to hypoxia.
What is the most common degenerative change? - Answers - Cellular swelling.
Caused by extracellular water into cells. It is the most reversible
Dystrophic calcifications versus metastatic calcifications - Answers - -Dystrophic: occur
in dead and dying tissues in areas of necrosis (valves)
-Metastatic: mineral deposits that occur in normal tissue as a result of hypercalcemia
The type of necrosis most commonly seen in the brain is ______.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 6 Liquefactive
The type of necrosis most commonly seen in the pancreas is ______.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 3 Fat
__________ necrosis is most commonly seen in a distal extremity or a loop of bowel.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 5 Gangrenous
, __________ necrosis is most commonly seen in the lung.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 1 Caseous
Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in the heart?
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 2 Coagulative
__________ necrosis is most commonly seen in small arteries.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 4 Fibrinoid
What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? - Answers - -
Alarm: shock phase, decrease BP, HR
-Resistance: ability to deal with original stressor. Decrease in immune system
-Exhaustion: resources depleted and body is vulnerable
What is released in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis? - Answers - CRH-ACTH-
Cortisol
What are the four phases of nociception? - Answers - -Transduction: damaged tissue
-Transmission: conduction of pain impulses
-Perception: conscious awareness of pain
-Modulation: suppressing or facilitating
What is an A-delta fiber? - Answers - It is myelinated. Fast, well localized, sharp (burn
or pinprick)
What is a C fiber? - Answers - Unmyelinated. Slower, poorly localized. Dull aching or
burning
What is an effect of cortisol? - Answers - Anti-inflammatory, a cause of hyperglycemia
Atrophy - Answers - Decrease in cell size. (Ex: shrinkage due to disuse)
Hypertrophy - Answers - Increase in cell size. (ex: increase in heart size)
Hyperplasia - Answers - Increase in the number of cells. (ex: liver)
Metaplasia - Answers - Replacement of one type of cell with another (ex: cigarette
smoking)
Dysplasia - Answers - Abnormal development of cells (ex: cancer)
Which type of cell or organ change is always pathologic?
1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia - Answers - 5 Dysplasia
Which type of cell or organ change may be pathologic?
1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia - Answers - 1 Atrophy
2 Hypertrophy
3 Hyperplasia
4 Metaplasia
5 Dysplasia
Which is reversible, ischemia or infarction? - Answers - Ischemia
What are systemic signs of cell injury? - Answers - They are non-specific
-Fatigue and malaise
-Altered appetite
-Fever
-Leukocytosis
-Increased heart rate
-Pain
What is the most common cause of cellular injury? - Answers - Hypoxia
,Why does cellular swelling occur in a hypoxic situation? - Answers - Decreased ATP
production which causes failure of NA/K -ATPase. Pump failure
What are the two cellular responses to hypoxia? - Answers - -Cellular swelling
-Lactic acid production
What do ROS cause? - Answers - -Cell membrane breakdown and lysis of cell
-Alteration of protein folding
-DNA damage
What is a reperfusion injury? - Answers - Blood is restored and free radicals are
released from tissues. Free radicals are due to hypoxia.
What is the most common degenerative change? - Answers - Cellular swelling.
Caused by extracellular water into cells. It is the most reversible
Dystrophic calcifications versus metastatic calcifications - Answers - -Dystrophic: occur
in dead and dying tissues in areas of necrosis (valves)
-Metastatic: mineral deposits that occur in normal tissue as a result of hypercalcemia
The type of necrosis most commonly seen in the brain is ______.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 6 Liquefactive
The type of necrosis most commonly seen in the pancreas is ______.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 3 Fat
__________ necrosis is most commonly seen in a distal extremity or a loop of bowel.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 5 Gangrenous
, __________ necrosis is most commonly seen in the lung.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 1 Caseous
Which type of necrosis is most commonly seen in the heart?
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 2 Coagulative
__________ necrosis is most commonly seen in small arteries.
1 Caseous
2 Coagulative
3 Fat
4 Fibrinoid
5 Gangrenous
6 Liquefactive - Answers - 4 Fibrinoid
What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)? - Answers - -
Alarm: shock phase, decrease BP, HR
-Resistance: ability to deal with original stressor. Decrease in immune system
-Exhaustion: resources depleted and body is vulnerable
What is released in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis? - Answers - CRH-ACTH-
Cortisol
What are the four phases of nociception? - Answers - -Transduction: damaged tissue
-Transmission: conduction of pain impulses
-Perception: conscious awareness of pain
-Modulation: suppressing or facilitating
What is an A-delta fiber? - Answers - It is myelinated. Fast, well localized, sharp (burn
or pinprick)
What is a C fiber? - Answers - Unmyelinated. Slower, poorly localized. Dull aching or
burning
