NR507- ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Acute renal failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSReversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSDiagnosing by clinical symptoms
alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT-ANSWERSGoals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
,Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSEnd-stage renal
disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being
diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather
than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-
waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for
dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene
glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
, Stage I CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with mild
decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSKidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable
as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT-ANSWERSAnemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
FINAL EXAM WITH CORRECT
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
Acute renal failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSReversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this
indicates that kidneys are functioning well
Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT-ANSWERSDiagnosing by clinical symptoms
alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be
present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract
imaging
Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT-ANSWERSGoals of Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
,Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT-ANSWERSChronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a
progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such as
hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT-ANSWERSEnd-stage renal
disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being
diabetes mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is
completely dependent on dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather
than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-
waves) is an indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an
indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for
dialysis and include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene
glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
, Stage I CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with normal or
elevated GFR
90-120
Stage II CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is kidney damage with mild
decrease in GFR
60-89
Stage III CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a moderate decrease in GFR
30-59
Stage IV CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSThere is a severe decrease in GFR
15-29
Stage V CKD - CORRECT-ANSWERSKidney failure- End-stage renal disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable
as well as dialysis or kidney transplant
Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT-ANSWERSAnemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
