ADVANCED PATHOLOGY NR 507- FINAL
EXAM WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2025
Angle of His - CORRECT-ANSWERSCreates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes gastro
esophageal junction longer which increases the pressure
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - CORRECT-ANSWERSA digestive disease in which
stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at the gastro
esophageal junction
big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the muscles around
the stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve
Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia, gastroparesis,
and obesity
heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms
chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical for classic GERD
,Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and nausea
H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD
Barrett's esophagus - CORRECT-ANSWERScaused by exposure to enzymes coming from the
stomach - stomach acid does not cause this - so can have non-acid reflux Barrett's esophagus
diaphram - CORRECT-ANSWERSa muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - CORRECT-ANSWERSskeletal muscle
the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - CORRECT-ANSWERSskeletal and
smooth muscle
the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - CORRECT-ANSWERSsmooth muscle
simple obstruction of the GI tract - CORRECT-ANSWERSresult from the blockage of the
intestine.
Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion of inorganic
objects that become lodged within the intestine.
,intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more common in children
less than 2 years of age,
surgical adhesions are more common in adults.
Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during the toddler
years.
Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a paralytic ileus
peptic ulcer disease - CORRECT-ANSWERSulcer formation in the GI tract that affects the lining of
the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or lower part of the esophagus
(esophageal ulcer)
form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
Risk factors for developing PUD include:
NSAID use.
Age greater than 65 years.
Genetic predisposition.
Alcohol ingestion.
the role of the stomach - CORRECT-ANSWERSto liquify food by churning it and using enzymes
and acid to assist in the breakdown
, pylorus - CORRECT-ANSWERSa muscle like structure that squeezes food down into the
duodenum
can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - CORRECT-ANSWERSsecrets mucosa rich in bicarbonate
- it protects the lining of the stomach from acid
has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
parietal cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSsecrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
chief cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSsecrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin via the action
of hydrochloric acid
G-cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSreleases gastrin
submucosa - CORRECT-ANSWERSon top of mucosa
contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels
Muscularis Externa - CORRECT-ANSWERSon top of the submucosa
EXAM WITH CORRECT QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS 2025
Angle of His - CORRECT-ANSWERSCreates a flap valve effect to prevent reflux and makes gastro
esophageal junction longer which increases the pressure
GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) - CORRECT-ANSWERSA digestive disease in which
stomach acid or bile irritates the food pipe lining.
Obesity makes the angle of His a widened angle which decreases the pressure at the gastro
esophageal junction
big fatty meals and carbonation stretches the stomach out which thins out the muscles around
the stomach which decreases the pressure on the flap valve
Hypotonic lower esophageal sphincter also allows reflux, as well as hiatal hernia, gastroparesis,
and obesity
heartburn and regurgitation are typical symptoms
chest pain, hoarseness, cough, asthma, and globus (lump in throat) are atypical for classic GERD
,Associated symptoms are dyspepsia, epigastric pain, bloating, belching, and nausea
H.Pylori bacteria is associated with GERD
Barrett's esophagus - CORRECT-ANSWERScaused by exposure to enzymes coming from the
stomach - stomach acid does not cause this - so can have non-acid reflux Barrett's esophagus
diaphram - CORRECT-ANSWERSa muscle that separates the chest from the abdominal cavity
also makes up the lower esophageal sphincter
The top 1/3 of the esophagus is ______________ muscle. - CORRECT-ANSWERSskeletal muscle
the middle of the esophagus muscle is made up of...muscle - CORRECT-ANSWERSskeletal and
smooth muscle
the bottom 1/3 of the esophagus is made up of....muscle - CORRECT-ANSWERSsmooth muscle
simple obstruction of the GI tract - CORRECT-ANSWERSresult from the blockage of the
intestine.
Causes of simple obstructions include adhesions, hernias, tumors, or even ingestion of inorganic
objects that become lodged within the intestine.
,intussusception, or the telescoping of the intestinal wall onto itself, is more common in children
less than 2 years of age,
surgical adhesions are more common in adults.
Ingestion of objects that result in simple obstructions are more common during the toddler
years.
Functional obstructions occur because of a lack of gut motility, such as during a paralytic ileus
peptic ulcer disease - CORRECT-ANSWERSulcer formation in the GI tract that affects the lining of
the stomach (gastric ulcer) or duodenum (duodenal ulcer) or lower part of the esophagus
(esophageal ulcer)
form due to gastric acid and pepsin and the breakdown of the stomach lining
Risk factors for developing PUD include:
NSAID use.
Age greater than 65 years.
Genetic predisposition.
Alcohol ingestion.
the role of the stomach - CORRECT-ANSWERSto liquify food by churning it and using enzymes
and acid to assist in the breakdown
, pylorus - CORRECT-ANSWERSa muscle like structure that squeezes food down into the
duodenum
can become scarred and lead to obstruction with gastric ulcers
the mucosa layer of the stomach lining - CORRECT-ANSWERSsecrets mucosa rich in bicarbonate
- it protects the lining of the stomach from acid
has gastric pits that contain parietal cells, chief cells, and G-cells
parietal cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSsecrete HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor
chief cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSsecrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin via the action
of hydrochloric acid
G-cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSreleases gastrin
submucosa - CORRECT-ANSWERSon top of mucosa
contains connective tissue, nerves, and vessels
Muscularis Externa - CORRECT-ANSWERSon top of the submucosa
