7/24/25, 5:13 PM NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam COMPREHENSIVE questions answered, 2025 verified graded A+ already passe…
NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam
COMPREHENSIVE questions answered, 2025
verified graded A+ already passed!
Save
Terms in this set (334)
the study of drugs and their structure, targets of
action, mechanisms of action (MOA), distribution (how
Pharmacology the body disburses them throughout the body),
desired physiologic effects (efficacy) and undesirable
side effects (toxicity).
Pharmacokinetics includes ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and
the following: elimination).
Pharmacokinetics is... How the body effects the drug
absorption from the administration site either directly
Absorption
or indirectly into the blood/plasma.
reversibly/irreversibly movement of drug from the
Distribution
bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular fluid.
drug biotransformation via metabolic pathways,
Metabolism
primarily the liver, or by other tissues.
how parent drug & its metabolites are eliminated from
Elimination
the body
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· Gastrointestinal pH changes
· Gastric emptying
· Gastric/intestinal enzymes
· Bile acids & biliary function
Absorption factors
· Gastrointestinal flora (type and quantity of bacteria)
· Food & nutrient interactions (most common
interaction influencing GI drug absorption)
· Lipid solubility of the drug
· Membrane permeability: Cross membranes to site of
action
· Blood brain barrier reduces the speed of drug
passage into and out of brain tissue
· Plasma protein binding: drugs bound to plasma
proteins do not cross membranes (Note: Malnutrition
Distribution factors = âalbumin = á free drug = greater pharmacologic
response)
· Aging cause a reduction in production of plasma
proteins
· Lipophilicity of drug: lipophilic drugs concentrate in
adipose tissue; remain in the body for a longer period
of time
· Body Composition
- Increased Total body water and extracellular fluid
-Decreased Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
· Protein Binding (changes with aging)
-Albumin, bilirubin, a1-acid glycoprotein
Volume of distribution
-Albumin affected by nutrition
-Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) can cause less
protein-bound drug reaching the tissue site of action.
· Tissue Binding
- Compositional changes
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o Drugs can undergo metabolism in the lungs, blood,
liver, intestines and kidney
o Volatile drugs are primarily excreted by the lungs
Metabolism factors
· The body changes drugs to more or less active forms
(metabolites), increases water solubility to increase
elimination.
· Cytochrome P450 system
· Located within the endoplasmic reticulum of
hepatocytes.
· Through electron transport chain, a drug bound to
Phase 1 Metabolism
the CYP450 system undergoes oxidation or reduction.
· Drug metabolism in the liver is also affected by:
-Enzyme induction
- Drug interactions
· CYP: a set of isozymes primarily found in the liver
and GI tract
· Convert lipophilic drugs into more polar (and
soluble) molecules
CYP450
· Considerable genetic variability exists across race
and gender
· Results in CYP450 polymorphisms which have a
direct effect on drug metabolism.
Four isozymes are 1. CYP3A4/5
responsible for the 2. CYP2D6
majority of Phase I 3. CYP2C8/9
Metabolism reactions 4. CYP1A2
If you have a patient CYP450.
experiencing a
pharmacokinetic drug
interaction, consider......
· Some drugs or St. John's wort (CYP3A4) and hormonal birth control
exogenous substances
can induce CYP isozymes
(less effect). Example....
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, 7/24/25, 5:13 PM NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam COMPREHENSIVE questions answered, 2025 verified graded A+ already passe…
CYP450-related drug If a drug inhibits enzymatic activity, a substrate drug
interactions can make for that enzyme system will have a greater
predicting blood plasma concentration in the blood.
levels/steady state levels
difficult.
Example....
If a drug inhibits CYP The substrate drug will have greater effect
isozymes, what is the
effect of the substrate
drug
· Polar group is conjugated to the drug
Phase 2 Metabolism
· Results in increased polarity of the drug
- Glycine conjugation
Types of phase 2
-Glucuronide conjugation
metabolism reactions
-Sulfate conjugation
What is competitive where one drug displaces another on cell receptors.
antagonism?
How is metabolism Different ethnic groups may have different hepatic
effected by different metabolism rates
ethnic groups?
1. Pulmonary = expired in the air (volatile substances)
2. Bile = excreted in feces
3. Renal
Routes of elimination
-glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
Glomerular filtration rate 90-125L/min
(GFR) (Normal)
Most elimination renal function. (Renal blood flow, creatinine clearance
involves..... (CrCl) )
Rate of elimination is proportional to amount of drug
Linear drug elimination
present
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NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam
COMPREHENSIVE questions answered, 2025
verified graded A+ already passed!
Save
Terms in this set (334)
the study of drugs and their structure, targets of
action, mechanisms of action (MOA), distribution (how
Pharmacology the body disburses them throughout the body),
desired physiologic effects (efficacy) and undesirable
side effects (toxicity).
Pharmacokinetics includes ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and
the following: elimination).
Pharmacokinetics is... How the body effects the drug
absorption from the administration site either directly
Absorption
or indirectly into the blood/plasma.
reversibly/irreversibly movement of drug from the
Distribution
bloodstream into the interstitial and intracellular fluid.
drug biotransformation via metabolic pathways,
Metabolism
primarily the liver, or by other tissues.
how parent drug & its metabolites are eliminated from
Elimination
the body
https://quizlet.com/1062042797/nur-635-advanced-pharmacology-midterm-exam-comprehensive-questions-answered-2025-verified-graded-a-already… 1/37
,7/24/25, 5:13 PM NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam COMPREHENSIVE questions answered, 2025 verified graded A+ already passe…
· Gastrointestinal pH changes
· Gastric emptying
· Gastric/intestinal enzymes
· Bile acids & biliary function
Absorption factors
· Gastrointestinal flora (type and quantity of bacteria)
· Food & nutrient interactions (most common
interaction influencing GI drug absorption)
· Lipid solubility of the drug
· Membrane permeability: Cross membranes to site of
action
· Blood brain barrier reduces the speed of drug
passage into and out of brain tissue
· Plasma protein binding: drugs bound to plasma
proteins do not cross membranes (Note: Malnutrition
Distribution factors = âalbumin = á free drug = greater pharmacologic
response)
· Aging cause a reduction in production of plasma
proteins
· Lipophilicity of drug: lipophilic drugs concentrate in
adipose tissue; remain in the body for a longer period
of time
· Body Composition
- Increased Total body water and extracellular fluid
-Decreased Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle
· Protein Binding (changes with aging)
-Albumin, bilirubin, a1-acid glycoprotein
Volume of distribution
-Albumin affected by nutrition
-Low albumin (hypoalbuminemia) can cause less
protein-bound drug reaching the tissue site of action.
· Tissue Binding
- Compositional changes
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,7/24/25, 5:13 PM NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam COMPREHENSIVE questions answered, 2025 verified graded A+ already passe…
o Drugs can undergo metabolism in the lungs, blood,
liver, intestines and kidney
o Volatile drugs are primarily excreted by the lungs
Metabolism factors
· The body changes drugs to more or less active forms
(metabolites), increases water solubility to increase
elimination.
· Cytochrome P450 system
· Located within the endoplasmic reticulum of
hepatocytes.
· Through electron transport chain, a drug bound to
Phase 1 Metabolism
the CYP450 system undergoes oxidation or reduction.
· Drug metabolism in the liver is also affected by:
-Enzyme induction
- Drug interactions
· CYP: a set of isozymes primarily found in the liver
and GI tract
· Convert lipophilic drugs into more polar (and
soluble) molecules
CYP450
· Considerable genetic variability exists across race
and gender
· Results in CYP450 polymorphisms which have a
direct effect on drug metabolism.
Four isozymes are 1. CYP3A4/5
responsible for the 2. CYP2D6
majority of Phase I 3. CYP2C8/9
Metabolism reactions 4. CYP1A2
If you have a patient CYP450.
experiencing a
pharmacokinetic drug
interaction, consider......
· Some drugs or St. John's wort (CYP3A4) and hormonal birth control
exogenous substances
can induce CYP isozymes
(less effect). Example....
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, 7/24/25, 5:13 PM NUR 635 Advanced Pharmacology Midterm Exam COMPREHENSIVE questions answered, 2025 verified graded A+ already passe…
CYP450-related drug If a drug inhibits enzymatic activity, a substrate drug
interactions can make for that enzyme system will have a greater
predicting blood plasma concentration in the blood.
levels/steady state levels
difficult.
Example....
If a drug inhibits CYP The substrate drug will have greater effect
isozymes, what is the
effect of the substrate
drug
· Polar group is conjugated to the drug
Phase 2 Metabolism
· Results in increased polarity of the drug
- Glycine conjugation
Types of phase 2
-Glucuronide conjugation
metabolism reactions
-Sulfate conjugation
What is competitive where one drug displaces another on cell receptors.
antagonism?
How is metabolism Different ethnic groups may have different hepatic
effected by different metabolism rates
ethnic groups?
1. Pulmonary = expired in the air (volatile substances)
2. Bile = excreted in feces
3. Renal
Routes of elimination
-glomerular filtration
- tubular reabsorption
- tubular secretion
Glomerular filtration rate 90-125L/min
(GFR) (Normal)
Most elimination renal function. (Renal blood flow, creatinine clearance
involves..... (CrCl) )
Rate of elimination is proportional to amount of drug
Linear drug elimination
present
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