Philippine Politics, Government, & Citizenship
PPGC211 A.Y. 2025-2026
Politics And Governance Approaches In The Study Of Different Political Structures And
Institutions
Nature Of Politics
Traditional approach
● “Politics exists because people disagree about the aims ● The traditional approach to the study of political science
and objects of human endeavor and, probably even more is a combination of views on and orientations to politics
so, about the methods to be used in achieving them ” (S. in philosophical, ethical, and institutional terms.
G. Richards, 1978). In his book, The Nature of Politics and
Government. Behavioral Approach
● “A disagreement in which incompatible policies are ● The behavioral approach to political science mainly
advocated can only be resolved ultimately by one side emphasizes on scientific, objective, and value-free study
obtaining the power to make its viewpoint prevail over of political phenomenon
the other.
● The acquisition of power, therefore, is a prerequisite of Various Forms Of The Traditional Approach:
achieving political objectives.” Thus, is the nature of
politics. Philosophical
● This approach firmly believes that values cannot be
Definition of Politics separated from the study of politics and the political
system. Therefore, its main concern is to judge what is
B. Ponton & P. Gill good or bad in any political society.
● Politics is the way in which we understand and order our
social affairs, and acquire greater control over the Institutional
situation. ● This approach is concerned with the study of formal
structures and institutions like legislature, executive,
Amable Tuibeo judiciary, political parties, etc.
● Politics is the strategy for maintaining cooperation among
people with different needs and ideals in life, or for Historical
resolving the conflict within the group, whether this is a ● It emphasizes the study of the history of every political
family, a tribe, a village, or a nation-state. reality to analyze any situation.
Harold Lasswell Legal
● Political Scientist Harold Lasswell, (1936) author of a ● This approach is concerned with the legal process, legal
major study of the distributive consequences of political bodies or institutions, justice and independence of
activity, gave his book the title, Politics--Who Gets What, judiciary.
When, and How. Lasswell, in effect, defined "politics" as
involving questions as to "who gets what, when, and how. Characteristics Of Behavioral Approach:
The Study Of Politics: Political Science Regularties
● believes that there are certain uniformities in political
● Political science is a classical discipline that deals with behavior which can be expressed in generalizations or
the study of political phenomena. Its goal is to deepen theories in order to explain and predict political
human understanding of the forms and nature of political phenomena.
action and to develop theoretical tools for interpreting
politically meaningful phenomena. Verification
● Political Science deals with the systematic study of ● emphasizes testing and verifying everything. According to
political structures, political processes, and political behaviorists, what cannot be verified is not scientific.
behavior.
Techniques
● put emphasis on the use of those research tools and
methods which generate valid, reliable, and comparative
data.
Quantification
● After collecting data, the researcher should measure and
quantify those data.
prepared by: cybct
, Philippine Politics, Government, & Citizenship
PPGC211 A.Y. 2025-2026
Values Rule of Law
● believe that to do objective research one has to be ● It is through the law that people express their will and
value-free exercise their sovereignty. That the government is of the
law and not of men is an underlying democratic principle
Systematization that puts no one, however rich and powerful, above the
● Research in Political Science must be systematic. Theory law.
and research should go Together.
Effectiveness & Efficiency
Pure Science ● Effectiveness (meeting the needs) and efficiency (proper
● believes that the study of Political Science should be utilization of resources) must necessarily go together to
verified by Evidence. ensure the best possible results for the community.
Integration Transparency
● Political Science should not be separated from various ● People must be open to information regarding the
other social sciences like history, sociology and decision-making process and its implementation. It also
economics, etc. means that transactions involving public interests must
be fully disclosed and made accessible to the public.
Importance of Politics and Government
Responsiveness
1. It is very important to care about politics because you
● The interests of all citizens must be well protected in a
should know what is going on around you.
prompt and appropriate manner so that each of them can
2. Another reason you should care about politics is because
appreciate and take part in the process of governance.
you should have a say in what will happen.
3. You should care about politics because the decisions
Equity & Inclusiveness
people make will affect many lives.
● All members of society, especially the most vulnerable
Bertolt Brecht ones or those at the grassroots level, must be taken into
consideration in policy-making. Everyone has a stake in
● The worst illiterate is the political illiterate, he doesn’t
society, and no one should feel alienated from it
hear, doesn’t speak, nor participates in political events. He
doesn’t know the cost of living, the price of the bean, of
Consensus Oriented
the fish, of the flour, the rent, the shoes, and of the
medicine, all depend on political decisions. The political Governance is consensus-oriented when decisions are made after
illiterate is so stupid that he is proud and swells his chest taking into consideration the different viewpoints of the actors in
saying that he hates politics. The imbecile doesn’t know society. To reach a consensus, a strong, impartial, and flexible
that, from his political ignorance is born the prostitute, mediation structure must be established.
the abandoned child, and the worst thieves of all, the bad
politician, corrupted and flunky of the national and Accountability
multinational companies. ● It means answerability or responsibility for one's actions.
The actors have an obligation to explain and be
Governance accountable for the consequences of the decisions and
actions they have taken on behalf of the community they
● The word “ governance ” came from the Latin verb serve
“Gubernare, ” or more originally from the Greek word
“kubernaein, ” which means “to steer.” The State
● It is the complex process whereby some sectors of the
society wield power and enact and promulgate public The modern term "state" is derived from the word "status". It was
policies which directly affect human and institutional Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) who first used the term "state" in
interactions and economic and social development. his writings. His significant work is titled "Prince". The state is the
most universal and powerful of all institutions. It is a natural
Characteristics Of Good Governance institution.
● A state is a people organized for law within a definite
Participation territory. (Woodrow Wilson)
● Good governance essentially requires the participation of ● A state is a community of people, more or less numerous,
different sectors of society. Participation means the permanently occupying a definite portion of territory,
active involvement of all affected and interested parties in having a government of their own to which the great body
the decision-making process of inhabitants render habitual obedience, and enjoying
freedom from external control. (James Garner)
prepared by: cybct
, Philippine Politics, Government, & Citizenship
PPGC211 A.Y. 2025-2026
Elements Of The State Theories On The Origin Of The State
People DIVINE RIGHT THEORY
● People refer to the mass population living within the ● According to this theory, state is the result of the superior
state. "People" answers the question, "Who governs physical force and subjugation of the weaker section by
whom?" the stronger. Physical strength was able to overcome
● According to Plato, there is no specific number fellow men and to exercise authority over them
requirement; "the state shall neither be too small nor yet ● is the oldest theory that holds that the state is of divine
one that seems great but has no unity." Aristotle, on the creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the
other hand, says "The number should be neither too large people.
nor too small; It should be large enough to be ● The rulers of the past advocated the political dominance
self-sufficing and small enough to be well governed. of authority and power through their own ordained
mandate that they represent the state on the basis of
Territory divine right (as God created the state). It was by this
● The territory is the demarcated area that rightfully nature that the divine rights of kings gave them absolute
belongs to the population. "Territory" answers the power and influence over their subjects.
question, "Where?" It is a definite portion of the surface ○ God created a ruler to govern the people
of the earth, that is the subject of the jurisdiction and
sovereign rights of a state in accordance with NECESSITY or FORCE THEORY
international law. ● Maintains that the state must have been created as a
● There are large and small states. However, the territory product of the existence of the strong and the weak in
should be permanent and large enough to be society and as a result of their struggle against each
self-sufficing. The Vatican is the smallest with a total land other, wherein those who are strong are able to dominate
area of 0.44 km2; Russia is the largest with 17,098,242 km2. and impose their will upon the weak.
● The creation of the state through the constant war and
There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need invasion of the great warriors in ancient times dominated
territory to live and organize themselves socially and politically. the weak and later formed a state
Territory refers to the terrestrial (land), fluvial/maritime (water), ● According to this theory, state is the result of the superior
and aerial (airspace) domains physical force and subjugation of the weaker section by
the stronger. Physical strength was able to overcome
Government fellow men and to exercise authority over them
There can be no state without a government. The government is
the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, NATURAL or INSTINCTIVE THEORY
expressed, and carried out. ● Holds that the state Is founded out of man’s natural
It is an institution or aggregate of institutions by which an instinct for association. The social urge of the human
independent society makes and carries out those rules of action being to be within a group of people in the community, as
necessary to enable men to live in a social state, or those that are in sociology, describes that "man is a social being."
imposed upon the people by those who possess the power or ● The social group provides the political development to
authority of prescribing them stay and work together with a common goal in the
community, which later transforms into a state.
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
Sovereignty ● asserts that the early states must have been formed by a
● Sovereignty is the supreme power of the state to deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to
command and enforce obedience to its will from the form a society and organize a government for their
people within its jurisdiction and, corollary, to have common good.
freedom from foreign control. The word "sovereignty" ● This theory justifies the right of the people to revolt
means supreme and final legal authority above and against a bad rule
beyond which no legal power exists. Sovereignty has two
aspects:
Natural Theory Social Contract Theory
1) Internal sovereignty, which means that the State is
supreme over all its citizens and associations; and The state is a natural institution The state is created through an
2) External sovereignty, which means that the state is that arises organically from human agreement among individuals to
independent and free from foreign or outside control. nature and social interactions. ensure order, protection, and
governance.
a) Foreign policy - tool used by government to
secure external sovereignty
prepared by: cybct
, Philippine Politics, Government, & Citizenship
PPGC211 A.Y. 2025-2026
government. This is the power of the state to take private
The state evolves naturally as a The state is an artificial construct
result of human beings' inherent formed by individuals who property for public use with just compensation
tendency to form social structures. voluntarily give up certain
freedoms for collective benefits.
Political Power
The government exists naturally to The government is established
fulfill human needs for based on a contract between the Power
organization, security, and rulers and the ruled. ● Some social scientists define it as the use of force,
cooperation. whereas many others explain it as the capacity to secure
desired goals through the use of force or even by
People are naturally part of the People consciously create the state
state and contribute to its growth and grant it power through mutual exercising influence
through social interactions. agreement. ● Another definition is from Schwarzenberger, who views
power as "the capacity of one to impose his will on others
Authority is legitimate because it Authority is legitimate because it by reliance on effective sanctions in case of
emerges naturally from social emerges naturally from social
structures. structures.
non-compliance.
● In Social Science and Politics, it is defined as the ability
to outright control the behavior of people. It is an
Difference Between State And Nation authority when the power is perceived as legitimate by
the social structure. Power may also be seen as evil or
● A state is a community of people occupying a definite unjust, but the exercise of power is accepted as reserved
territory, having a government of their own, and enjoying only for humans as social beings.
freedom from external control.
● A nation is a society of inhabitants of a specific National Power
geographic region united and bound together by a
common racial ancestry, the same language and culture, a ● is the combination of power and capability of a state that
historical past, laws, and shared interests and sentiments the state uses for fulfilling its national interests and goals,
over the course of many years. according Paddleford and Lincoln.
● The state is a political concept, while the nation is an ● It is simply the ability or capability of a nation to secure
ethnic or racial concept. the goals and objectives of its national interest in relation
● A state is not subject to external control, while a nation to other nations.
may or may not be independent of external control. ● It involves the capacity to use force or the threat of using
● A state cannot become a state without a nation or nations force or influence over others to secure the goals of
that consist of its people. national interest.
● A single state may consist of one or more nations or
peoples, and conversely, a single nation may be made up Dimensions Of National Power
of different states
The three forms of national power are inseparable from each other.
Inherent Powers Of The State Without economic power, no nation can develop its military power,
and without the latter, no nation can play an active role in
POLICE POWER international relations. Psychological power can be enduring and
● is the power of the government to enforce obedience really effective only when it is backed by economic and military
from the people in the promotion of public health, morals, power
or safety and the general well-being of the community.
● It is the inherent power of government to enact and MILITARY POWER
enforce laws for the promotion of the general welfare ● Military power is an important dimension of national
power. It is regarded as absolutely essential for achieving
POWER of EMINENT DOMAIN the objective of ensuring the security of the nation. For
● is the power possessed by the state over all property every nation, security is the most vital element of its
within the state, specifically its power to appropriate national interest. It is the primary concern of every nation
property for a public purpose. to work for its security.
● This is the power of the state to take private property for ● Military power is such a vital part of national power. The
public use with just compensation. role and importance of a state in international relations
depend on its military power. No state can get
POWER of TAXATION recognition as a superpower without being militarily
● is the inherent power of the sovereign, exercised through superior.
the legislature, to impose burdens upon subjects and
objects within its jurisdiction for the purpose of raising
revenues to carry out the legitimate objects of the
prepared by: cybct
PPGC211 A.Y. 2025-2026
Politics And Governance Approaches In The Study Of Different Political Structures And
Institutions
Nature Of Politics
Traditional approach
● “Politics exists because people disagree about the aims ● The traditional approach to the study of political science
and objects of human endeavor and, probably even more is a combination of views on and orientations to politics
so, about the methods to be used in achieving them ” (S. in philosophical, ethical, and institutional terms.
G. Richards, 1978). In his book, The Nature of Politics and
Government. Behavioral Approach
● “A disagreement in which incompatible policies are ● The behavioral approach to political science mainly
advocated can only be resolved ultimately by one side emphasizes on scientific, objective, and value-free study
obtaining the power to make its viewpoint prevail over of political phenomenon
the other.
● The acquisition of power, therefore, is a prerequisite of Various Forms Of The Traditional Approach:
achieving political objectives.” Thus, is the nature of
politics. Philosophical
● This approach firmly believes that values cannot be
Definition of Politics separated from the study of politics and the political
system. Therefore, its main concern is to judge what is
B. Ponton & P. Gill good or bad in any political society.
● Politics is the way in which we understand and order our
social affairs, and acquire greater control over the Institutional
situation. ● This approach is concerned with the study of formal
structures and institutions like legislature, executive,
Amable Tuibeo judiciary, political parties, etc.
● Politics is the strategy for maintaining cooperation among
people with different needs and ideals in life, or for Historical
resolving the conflict within the group, whether this is a ● It emphasizes the study of the history of every political
family, a tribe, a village, or a nation-state. reality to analyze any situation.
Harold Lasswell Legal
● Political Scientist Harold Lasswell, (1936) author of a ● This approach is concerned with the legal process, legal
major study of the distributive consequences of political bodies or institutions, justice and independence of
activity, gave his book the title, Politics--Who Gets What, judiciary.
When, and How. Lasswell, in effect, defined "politics" as
involving questions as to "who gets what, when, and how. Characteristics Of Behavioral Approach:
The Study Of Politics: Political Science Regularties
● believes that there are certain uniformities in political
● Political science is a classical discipline that deals with behavior which can be expressed in generalizations or
the study of political phenomena. Its goal is to deepen theories in order to explain and predict political
human understanding of the forms and nature of political phenomena.
action and to develop theoretical tools for interpreting
politically meaningful phenomena. Verification
● Political Science deals with the systematic study of ● emphasizes testing and verifying everything. According to
political structures, political processes, and political behaviorists, what cannot be verified is not scientific.
behavior.
Techniques
● put emphasis on the use of those research tools and
methods which generate valid, reliable, and comparative
data.
Quantification
● After collecting data, the researcher should measure and
quantify those data.
prepared by: cybct
, Philippine Politics, Government, & Citizenship
PPGC211 A.Y. 2025-2026
Values Rule of Law
● believe that to do objective research one has to be ● It is through the law that people express their will and
value-free exercise their sovereignty. That the government is of the
law and not of men is an underlying democratic principle
Systematization that puts no one, however rich and powerful, above the
● Research in Political Science must be systematic. Theory law.
and research should go Together.
Effectiveness & Efficiency
Pure Science ● Effectiveness (meeting the needs) and efficiency (proper
● believes that the study of Political Science should be utilization of resources) must necessarily go together to
verified by Evidence. ensure the best possible results for the community.
Integration Transparency
● Political Science should not be separated from various ● People must be open to information regarding the
other social sciences like history, sociology and decision-making process and its implementation. It also
economics, etc. means that transactions involving public interests must
be fully disclosed and made accessible to the public.
Importance of Politics and Government
Responsiveness
1. It is very important to care about politics because you
● The interests of all citizens must be well protected in a
should know what is going on around you.
prompt and appropriate manner so that each of them can
2. Another reason you should care about politics is because
appreciate and take part in the process of governance.
you should have a say in what will happen.
3. You should care about politics because the decisions
Equity & Inclusiveness
people make will affect many lives.
● All members of society, especially the most vulnerable
Bertolt Brecht ones or those at the grassroots level, must be taken into
consideration in policy-making. Everyone has a stake in
● The worst illiterate is the political illiterate, he doesn’t
society, and no one should feel alienated from it
hear, doesn’t speak, nor participates in political events. He
doesn’t know the cost of living, the price of the bean, of
Consensus Oriented
the fish, of the flour, the rent, the shoes, and of the
medicine, all depend on political decisions. The political Governance is consensus-oriented when decisions are made after
illiterate is so stupid that he is proud and swells his chest taking into consideration the different viewpoints of the actors in
saying that he hates politics. The imbecile doesn’t know society. To reach a consensus, a strong, impartial, and flexible
that, from his political ignorance is born the prostitute, mediation structure must be established.
the abandoned child, and the worst thieves of all, the bad
politician, corrupted and flunky of the national and Accountability
multinational companies. ● It means answerability or responsibility for one's actions.
The actors have an obligation to explain and be
Governance accountable for the consequences of the decisions and
actions they have taken on behalf of the community they
● The word “ governance ” came from the Latin verb serve
“Gubernare, ” or more originally from the Greek word
“kubernaein, ” which means “to steer.” The State
● It is the complex process whereby some sectors of the
society wield power and enact and promulgate public The modern term "state" is derived from the word "status". It was
policies which directly affect human and institutional Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527) who first used the term "state" in
interactions and economic and social development. his writings. His significant work is titled "Prince". The state is the
most universal and powerful of all institutions. It is a natural
Characteristics Of Good Governance institution.
● A state is a people organized for law within a definite
Participation territory. (Woodrow Wilson)
● Good governance essentially requires the participation of ● A state is a community of people, more or less numerous,
different sectors of society. Participation means the permanently occupying a definite portion of territory,
active involvement of all affected and interested parties in having a government of their own to which the great body
the decision-making process of inhabitants render habitual obedience, and enjoying
freedom from external control. (James Garner)
prepared by: cybct
, Philippine Politics, Government, & Citizenship
PPGC211 A.Y. 2025-2026
Elements Of The State Theories On The Origin Of The State
People DIVINE RIGHT THEORY
● People refer to the mass population living within the ● According to this theory, state is the result of the superior
state. "People" answers the question, "Who governs physical force and subjugation of the weaker section by
whom?" the stronger. Physical strength was able to overcome
● According to Plato, there is no specific number fellow men and to exercise authority over them
requirement; "the state shall neither be too small nor yet ● is the oldest theory that holds that the state is of divine
one that seems great but has no unity." Aristotle, on the creation and the ruler is ordained by God to govern the
other hand, says "The number should be neither too large people.
nor too small; It should be large enough to be ● The rulers of the past advocated the political dominance
self-sufficing and small enough to be well governed. of authority and power through their own ordained
mandate that they represent the state on the basis of
Territory divine right (as God created the state). It was by this
● The territory is the demarcated area that rightfully nature that the divine rights of kings gave them absolute
belongs to the population. "Territory" answers the power and influence over their subjects.
question, "Where?" It is a definite portion of the surface ○ God created a ruler to govern the people
of the earth, that is the subject of the jurisdiction and
sovereign rights of a state in accordance with NECESSITY or FORCE THEORY
international law. ● Maintains that the state must have been created as a
● There are large and small states. However, the territory product of the existence of the strong and the weak in
should be permanent and large enough to be society and as a result of their struggle against each
self-sufficing. The Vatican is the smallest with a total land other, wherein those who are strong are able to dominate
area of 0.44 km2; Russia is the largest with 17,098,242 km2. and impose their will upon the weak.
● The creation of the state through the constant war and
There can be no state without a fixed territory. People need invasion of the great warriors in ancient times dominated
territory to live and organize themselves socially and politically. the weak and later formed a state
Territory refers to the terrestrial (land), fluvial/maritime (water), ● According to this theory, state is the result of the superior
and aerial (airspace) domains physical force and subjugation of the weaker section by
the stronger. Physical strength was able to overcome
Government fellow men and to exercise authority over them
There can be no state without a government. The government is
the agency through which the will of the state is formulated, NATURAL or INSTINCTIVE THEORY
expressed, and carried out. ● Holds that the state Is founded out of man’s natural
It is an institution or aggregate of institutions by which an instinct for association. The social urge of the human
independent society makes and carries out those rules of action being to be within a group of people in the community, as
necessary to enable men to live in a social state, or those that are in sociology, describes that "man is a social being."
imposed upon the people by those who possess the power or ● The social group provides the political development to
authority of prescribing them stay and work together with a common goal in the
community, which later transforms into a state.
SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
Sovereignty ● asserts that the early states must have been formed by a
● Sovereignty is the supreme power of the state to deliberate and voluntary compact among the people to
command and enforce obedience to its will from the form a society and organize a government for their
people within its jurisdiction and, corollary, to have common good.
freedom from foreign control. The word "sovereignty" ● This theory justifies the right of the people to revolt
means supreme and final legal authority above and against a bad rule
beyond which no legal power exists. Sovereignty has two
aspects:
Natural Theory Social Contract Theory
1) Internal sovereignty, which means that the State is
supreme over all its citizens and associations; and The state is a natural institution The state is created through an
2) External sovereignty, which means that the state is that arises organically from human agreement among individuals to
independent and free from foreign or outside control. nature and social interactions. ensure order, protection, and
governance.
a) Foreign policy - tool used by government to
secure external sovereignty
prepared by: cybct
, Philippine Politics, Government, & Citizenship
PPGC211 A.Y. 2025-2026
government. This is the power of the state to take private
The state evolves naturally as a The state is an artificial construct
result of human beings' inherent formed by individuals who property for public use with just compensation
tendency to form social structures. voluntarily give up certain
freedoms for collective benefits.
Political Power
The government exists naturally to The government is established
fulfill human needs for based on a contract between the Power
organization, security, and rulers and the ruled. ● Some social scientists define it as the use of force,
cooperation. whereas many others explain it as the capacity to secure
desired goals through the use of force or even by
People are naturally part of the People consciously create the state
state and contribute to its growth and grant it power through mutual exercising influence
through social interactions. agreement. ● Another definition is from Schwarzenberger, who views
power as "the capacity of one to impose his will on others
Authority is legitimate because it Authority is legitimate because it by reliance on effective sanctions in case of
emerges naturally from social emerges naturally from social
structures. structures.
non-compliance.
● In Social Science and Politics, it is defined as the ability
to outright control the behavior of people. It is an
Difference Between State And Nation authority when the power is perceived as legitimate by
the social structure. Power may also be seen as evil or
● A state is a community of people occupying a definite unjust, but the exercise of power is accepted as reserved
territory, having a government of their own, and enjoying only for humans as social beings.
freedom from external control.
● A nation is a society of inhabitants of a specific National Power
geographic region united and bound together by a
common racial ancestry, the same language and culture, a ● is the combination of power and capability of a state that
historical past, laws, and shared interests and sentiments the state uses for fulfilling its national interests and goals,
over the course of many years. according Paddleford and Lincoln.
● The state is a political concept, while the nation is an ● It is simply the ability or capability of a nation to secure
ethnic or racial concept. the goals and objectives of its national interest in relation
● A state is not subject to external control, while a nation to other nations.
may or may not be independent of external control. ● It involves the capacity to use force or the threat of using
● A state cannot become a state without a nation or nations force or influence over others to secure the goals of
that consist of its people. national interest.
● A single state may consist of one or more nations or
peoples, and conversely, a single nation may be made up Dimensions Of National Power
of different states
The three forms of national power are inseparable from each other.
Inherent Powers Of The State Without economic power, no nation can develop its military power,
and without the latter, no nation can play an active role in
POLICE POWER international relations. Psychological power can be enduring and
● is the power of the government to enforce obedience really effective only when it is backed by economic and military
from the people in the promotion of public health, morals, power
or safety and the general well-being of the community.
● It is the inherent power of government to enact and MILITARY POWER
enforce laws for the promotion of the general welfare ● Military power is an important dimension of national
power. It is regarded as absolutely essential for achieving
POWER of EMINENT DOMAIN the objective of ensuring the security of the nation. For
● is the power possessed by the state over all property every nation, security is the most vital element of its
within the state, specifically its power to appropriate national interest. It is the primary concern of every nation
property for a public purpose. to work for its security.
● This is the power of the state to take private property for ● Military power is such a vital part of national power. The
public use with just compensation. role and importance of a state in international relations
depend on its military power. No state can get
POWER of TAXATION recognition as a superpower without being militarily
● is the inherent power of the sovereign, exercised through superior.
the legislature, to impose burdens upon subjects and
objects within its jurisdiction for the purpose of raising
revenues to carry out the legitimate objects of the
prepared by: cybct
