NURS752 – Advanced Pathophysiology | Comprehensive Exam
Questions and Answers (2024–2025 Guaranteed Pass)
1. The DSM-5 defines bipolar disorder by the experience of a ____ or ____
episode.: manic or hypomanic
2. Mania can be thought of as the affective opposite of ____.
A manic episode is characterized by at least _____ of an abnormal and
persistently elevated mood accompanied by an increased amount of
activity.:
depression
1 week
3. Symptoms of ____
inflated self-esteem
irritability
decreased need for sleep
pressured speech
flight of ideas
poor attention
,increased hyperactivity or agitation
involvement in high-risk, pleasurable activities without respect to the
consequences.: mania
4. A hypomanic episode is a_____.
It must exist for _____or longer.
Unlike mania, it is not severe enough to warrant _____,
It does not impair ________,
It is s not associated with ______.: milder form of mania
4 days hospitalization
social or occupational functioning
psychosis
5. _____: Chronic disorder marked by one or more manic or mixed
episodes and major depressive episodes: Bipolar I
6. ______: Chronic disorder marked by one or more major depressive
episodes, accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode: Bipolar II
7. ______: Several periods of hypomania and mild depression, none of
which meet the criteria for mania or major depressive episode: Cyclothymic
disorder 8. Rapid cycling is at least ____ episodes of mania or depression in
_____: 4 episodes in 1 year
9. Bipolar disorder, particularly type II bipolar disorder, is often
misdiagnosed as ___.
The diagnosis is important because ______.: major depression
treatment is different
10 __________:
3 symptoms (______) or 4 symptoms (______):
Decreased need for sleep
,Distractibility
Excessive involvement in high risk pleasurable activity
Flight of ideas
Grandiosity
Increase in energy, goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
Pressured speech: elevated mood
(elation)
(irritability)
11. A drug can be ________ and "treat from above" to reduce symptoms of
mania, and/or "stabilize from above" to prevent relapse and recurrence
of mania.
Or drugs can be _______ and "treat from below" to reduce symptoms of
bipolar depression, and/or "stabilize from below" to prevent relapse and
recurrence of depression. Not all drugs proven to work in bipolar disorder
have all four therapeutic actions.: "mania-minded"
"depression-minded"
12. Bipolar tx
•Acute therapy: manic episode
______, _______, (or _____, ______ if needed): •Lithium
•Valproic acid
(antipsychotic or benzo)
13. Bipolar tx
•Acute therapy: depressive phase
______ alone or with _______: •Mood stabilizer alone or with an antidepressant
14. Bipolar tx
, Long-term prevention: •One or more mood stabilizers and other drugs which are
needed acutely
15. The exact mechanism of action for lithium is unknown, but it appears to
be ______.: neuroprotective
16. ______
-Continues to be the gold standard for treating type I bipolar disorder. It is
effective for the manic AND depressive components.
-Although it is not a particularly good antidepressant as monotherapy in
unipolar depression, it is effective in patients with bipolar disorder.
-It also has anti-suicidal effects when used to treat bipolar disorder.: Lithium
17 Lithium tx:
Antimanic effects can occur in ______.
Antidepressant effects can occur in ______.
(Most clinicians use ______ or ______ as adjunctive therapy during this
period to cover the agitation and other symptoms.): 1-2 weeks
6-8 weeks
(antipsychotics or benzodiazepines)
18. _______:
-Its half-life is 20-24 hours.
-It is excreted 95% unchanged by glomerular filtration
-Anything that alters the glomerular filtration rate affects its clearance.:
Lithium
19. Lithium tx:
Pharmacokinetic methods are available for early prediction of doses, but
waiting ______ for steady state seems to work just as well.: 5-6 days
Questions and Answers (2024–2025 Guaranteed Pass)
1. The DSM-5 defines bipolar disorder by the experience of a ____ or ____
episode.: manic or hypomanic
2. Mania can be thought of as the affective opposite of ____.
A manic episode is characterized by at least _____ of an abnormal and
persistently elevated mood accompanied by an increased amount of
activity.:
depression
1 week
3. Symptoms of ____
inflated self-esteem
irritability
decreased need for sleep
pressured speech
flight of ideas
poor attention
,increased hyperactivity or agitation
involvement in high-risk, pleasurable activities without respect to the
consequences.: mania
4. A hypomanic episode is a_____.
It must exist for _____or longer.
Unlike mania, it is not severe enough to warrant _____,
It does not impair ________,
It is s not associated with ______.: milder form of mania
4 days hospitalization
social or occupational functioning
psychosis
5. _____: Chronic disorder marked by one or more manic or mixed
episodes and major depressive episodes: Bipolar I
6. ______: Chronic disorder marked by one or more major depressive
episodes, accompanied by at least one hypomanic episode: Bipolar II
7. ______: Several periods of hypomania and mild depression, none of
which meet the criteria for mania or major depressive episode: Cyclothymic
disorder 8. Rapid cycling is at least ____ episodes of mania or depression in
_____: 4 episodes in 1 year
9. Bipolar disorder, particularly type II bipolar disorder, is often
misdiagnosed as ___.
The diagnosis is important because ______.: major depression
treatment is different
10 __________:
3 symptoms (______) or 4 symptoms (______):
Decreased need for sleep
,Distractibility
Excessive involvement in high risk pleasurable activity
Flight of ideas
Grandiosity
Increase in energy, goal-directed activity or psychomotor agitation
Pressured speech: elevated mood
(elation)
(irritability)
11. A drug can be ________ and "treat from above" to reduce symptoms of
mania, and/or "stabilize from above" to prevent relapse and recurrence
of mania.
Or drugs can be _______ and "treat from below" to reduce symptoms of
bipolar depression, and/or "stabilize from below" to prevent relapse and
recurrence of depression. Not all drugs proven to work in bipolar disorder
have all four therapeutic actions.: "mania-minded"
"depression-minded"
12. Bipolar tx
•Acute therapy: manic episode
______, _______, (or _____, ______ if needed): •Lithium
•Valproic acid
(antipsychotic or benzo)
13. Bipolar tx
•Acute therapy: depressive phase
______ alone or with _______: •Mood stabilizer alone or with an antidepressant
14. Bipolar tx
, Long-term prevention: •One or more mood stabilizers and other drugs which are
needed acutely
15. The exact mechanism of action for lithium is unknown, but it appears to
be ______.: neuroprotective
16. ______
-Continues to be the gold standard for treating type I bipolar disorder. It is
effective for the manic AND depressive components.
-Although it is not a particularly good antidepressant as monotherapy in
unipolar depression, it is effective in patients with bipolar disorder.
-It also has anti-suicidal effects when used to treat bipolar disorder.: Lithium
17 Lithium tx:
Antimanic effects can occur in ______.
Antidepressant effects can occur in ______.
(Most clinicians use ______ or ______ as adjunctive therapy during this
period to cover the agitation and other symptoms.): 1-2 weeks
6-8 weeks
(antipsychotics or benzodiazepines)
18. _______:
-Its half-life is 20-24 hours.
-It is excreted 95% unchanged by glomerular filtration
-Anything that alters the glomerular filtration rate affects its clearance.:
Lithium
19. Lithium tx:
Pharmacokinetic methods are available for early prediction of doses, but
waiting ______ for steady state seems to work just as well.: 5-6 days
