NURS752 – Advanced Pathophysiology | Exam 2 Questions
and Answers (Guaranteed Pass 2024–2025)
1. what can be used for imaging chest diseases?: x-ray, CT, and nuclear
medicine (ventilation-perfusion lung scanning and PET)
2. what is the standard tool for assessment of congenital cardiac and
vascular disease?: MRI- not used for imaging primary diseases of the lungs
3. does an uncomplicated chest infection need imaging?: no
4. What is the starting point for chest x-ray?: armamentarium- includes
posterior-anterior and lateral views
- give overview of the lungs and cardiovascular system.
5. How is a patient positioned in for a PA xray?: standing up with their arms
around a rectangular imaging system.
6. When is anterior posterior imaging use?: when the patient is non-
ambulatory, usually results in reduction of image quality, including magnification of
the heart size and poorer lung structure
7. The AP technique can obscure what?: pathology that is present and
produce artefactual opacities.
,8. indications for a chest xray: infection, major trauma, acute chest pain,
asthma/bronchitis, acute SOB< chronic SOB, blood when coughing, suspected
mass, metastasis or lymphadenopathy, hypertension.
9. how is a rib fracture diagnosed?: based on clinical assessment- x-rays
aren't helpful and many rib fractures are not visible
10. checklist to reading a chest x-ray: heart (silhouette sign) mediastinum,
diaphragm, lungs, (alveolar pattern dots, interstital pattern- lines), skeleton.
11. when may a part of the cardiomediastinal sihouette be blurred?:
consolidation- increased density of the fluid or pus-filled alveoli.
12. what can cause an alteration of the contour of the mediastinum?: mass
13. what does the superior mediastinum contain?: aortic arch, esophagus,
trachea, SVC and BCV.
14. what does the middle part of the mediastenum contain?: heart and
pericardium.
15. what is the major occupant of the posterior mediastenum compartment?:
oesophagus
16. what imaging tool is recommended if a mass is suspected?: ct scan
17. what is the key to differential diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates?:
characterizing lung infiltrates as either nodular or reticular
18. how does pulmonary edema commonly present on a chest xray: linear
infiltrate in the periphery of the lungs usually in the lower zones, caused by
fluid accumulating in the interstitium of the lungs
19. what does fluid appear in the alveoli? What does it look like on a xray?: -
-decompensated cardiac failure
-looks like small nodular infiltrate 3-5mm in diameter or as "fluffy" confluent areas of
consolidation when thousands of adjacent alveoli become filled with transudated
fluid.
20. what are some causes of small nodular infiltrate?: atypical infection,
sarcoidosis and disseminated metabolic disease
, 21. Radiation dose is used to assess what?: the thorax
22. what needs to be done before ordering a CT scan in children?:
Generalpractitioners (GPs) should seek advice from a paediatrician
orradiologist before ordering a CT scan in children, and be aware ofpossible
alternative imaging modalities that use lower radiationdoses
23. When is a CT used to evaluate chest infection?: CT is usually the second
step when the chest X-ray has identified an abnormality that requires further
assessment, or when the disease course is prolonged and another condition is
suspected.
24. Indications for ordering chest CT: evaluation of an abnormality detected on
chest x-ray (mass) Evaluation of aortic disease (AA/dissection, trauma)
Malignant disease (staging of tumor, detection of lymphadenopathy and
metastatic disease with no known primary, assess suitability for biopsy.
evaluation of pleural disease (suspect pulmonary embolus)
25. what does a ct do?: takes multiple X-rays of many different angles, images in
cross section of your body- thin slices -can use IV contrast.
26. contraindications with iv contrast: pts with hx of iodine allergy; caution in
pt's with renal impairment- increased risk of contrast inducted nephropathy
27. what should pts expect with CT scan?: Patients should expect to be in the
imaging department forapproximately 30 minutes and will need to lie flat for
about 10minutes while being positioned and scanned. CT carries a higherrisk
of radiation-induced malignancy than a chest X-ray andshould be considered
only if it will change management.
28. what can you see better with a ct scan than an xray: small lesions, better
for pleural diseases.
29. indications for high-resolution ct: interstitial diseases
-pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary nodule, bronchietasis
-treatment of diffuse lung disease
-generally not used for assessment of pulmonary masses
-not suitable for assessment of malignant tumors when used alone
and Answers (Guaranteed Pass 2024–2025)
1. what can be used for imaging chest diseases?: x-ray, CT, and nuclear
medicine (ventilation-perfusion lung scanning and PET)
2. what is the standard tool for assessment of congenital cardiac and
vascular disease?: MRI- not used for imaging primary diseases of the lungs
3. does an uncomplicated chest infection need imaging?: no
4. What is the starting point for chest x-ray?: armamentarium- includes
posterior-anterior and lateral views
- give overview of the lungs and cardiovascular system.
5. How is a patient positioned in for a PA xray?: standing up with their arms
around a rectangular imaging system.
6. When is anterior posterior imaging use?: when the patient is non-
ambulatory, usually results in reduction of image quality, including magnification of
the heart size and poorer lung structure
7. The AP technique can obscure what?: pathology that is present and
produce artefactual opacities.
,8. indications for a chest xray: infection, major trauma, acute chest pain,
asthma/bronchitis, acute SOB< chronic SOB, blood when coughing, suspected
mass, metastasis or lymphadenopathy, hypertension.
9. how is a rib fracture diagnosed?: based on clinical assessment- x-rays
aren't helpful and many rib fractures are not visible
10. checklist to reading a chest x-ray: heart (silhouette sign) mediastinum,
diaphragm, lungs, (alveolar pattern dots, interstital pattern- lines), skeleton.
11. when may a part of the cardiomediastinal sihouette be blurred?:
consolidation- increased density of the fluid or pus-filled alveoli.
12. what can cause an alteration of the contour of the mediastinum?: mass
13. what does the superior mediastinum contain?: aortic arch, esophagus,
trachea, SVC and BCV.
14. what does the middle part of the mediastenum contain?: heart and
pericardium.
15. what is the major occupant of the posterior mediastenum compartment?:
oesophagus
16. what imaging tool is recommended if a mass is suspected?: ct scan
17. what is the key to differential diagnosis of pulmonary infiltrates?:
characterizing lung infiltrates as either nodular or reticular
18. how does pulmonary edema commonly present on a chest xray: linear
infiltrate in the periphery of the lungs usually in the lower zones, caused by
fluid accumulating in the interstitium of the lungs
19. what does fluid appear in the alveoli? What does it look like on a xray?: -
-decompensated cardiac failure
-looks like small nodular infiltrate 3-5mm in diameter or as "fluffy" confluent areas of
consolidation when thousands of adjacent alveoli become filled with transudated
fluid.
20. what are some causes of small nodular infiltrate?: atypical infection,
sarcoidosis and disseminated metabolic disease
, 21. Radiation dose is used to assess what?: the thorax
22. what needs to be done before ordering a CT scan in children?:
Generalpractitioners (GPs) should seek advice from a paediatrician
orradiologist before ordering a CT scan in children, and be aware ofpossible
alternative imaging modalities that use lower radiationdoses
23. When is a CT used to evaluate chest infection?: CT is usually the second
step when the chest X-ray has identified an abnormality that requires further
assessment, or when the disease course is prolonged and another condition is
suspected.
24. Indications for ordering chest CT: evaluation of an abnormality detected on
chest x-ray (mass) Evaluation of aortic disease (AA/dissection, trauma)
Malignant disease (staging of tumor, detection of lymphadenopathy and
metastatic disease with no known primary, assess suitability for biopsy.
evaluation of pleural disease (suspect pulmonary embolus)
25. what does a ct do?: takes multiple X-rays of many different angles, images in
cross section of your body- thin slices -can use IV contrast.
26. contraindications with iv contrast: pts with hx of iodine allergy; caution in
pt's with renal impairment- increased risk of contrast inducted nephropathy
27. what should pts expect with CT scan?: Patients should expect to be in the
imaging department forapproximately 30 minutes and will need to lie flat for
about 10minutes while being positioned and scanned. CT carries a higherrisk
of radiation-induced malignancy than a chest X-ray andshould be considered
only if it will change management.
28. what can you see better with a ct scan than an xray: small lesions, better
for pleural diseases.
29. indications for high-resolution ct: interstitial diseases
-pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary nodule, bronchietasis
-treatment of diffuse lung disease
-generally not used for assessment of pulmonary masses
-not suitable for assessment of malignant tumors when used alone
