LNCS 2771 The Study of Musical Scales in
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, The Study of Musical Scales in Central Africa:
The Use of Interactive Experimental Methods
Fabrice Marandola
LMS (UMR 8099 CNRS-Paris V, France)
Bât.D, 7 rue Guy Môquet
94801 Villejuif, France
Abstract. In the oral traditional cultures of Central Africa, the rules which un-
derline the musical system are rarely verbalised: abstract concepts like “scale”,
“degree” or “interval”, are not just non-verbalised, they are practically unverbalis-
able. Thus the study of musical scales requires the use of interactive experimental
methods. For two years, a research-team leaded by Simha Arom (in collabora-
tion with acousticians of Ircam-Paris) studies the untempered scales used by the
Bedzan Pygmies in their contrapuntal songs and the Ouldeme in their hocket in-
strumental polyphony. The principle of the methods that we have developed is
to make the musicians actors in the experiment, able to react immediately to the
proposals of the investigators and to provide modifications of them, directly or
indirectly.
1 Introduction
In the oral traditional cultures of Central Africa, the rules which underline the musical
system are rarely verbalised: abstract concepts like “scale”, “degree” or “interval”, are
not just non-verbalised, they are practically unverbalisable; there is indeed conception,
but not conceptualisation. Thus the study of musical scales requires the use of interac-
tive experimental methods. This seems the only way to catch the principles on which
they are based on.
Pioneering work in the field of instrumental music — the tuning of xylophones —
has been conducted by Simha Arom since 1989, in Central Africa and in Indonesia
[ [1, 2]]. The recent development of most sophisticated acoustical computerised equip-
ment has enabled us to enlarge the framework of interactive experimentation by adapt-
ing it also to vocal music, be it monodic or polyphonic. For two years (2000-2002), a
research-team leaded by Simha Arom studied the untempered scales used by the Bedzan
Pygmies in their contrapuntal songs and by the Ouldeme in their hocket instrumental
polyphony1.
The scales of these two ethnic groups are not only non-tempered, but also present
some remarkable properties. In Bedzan Pygmies vocal polyphony for example, the same
1 This research was supported by French Ministry for Research, Action Concertée Incitative
Cognitique, project A 108 “Conception and perception of musical scales in traditional oral
cultures: the case of Ouldeme and Bedzan Pygmies of Cameroon”, and has been conducted in
a collaboration between LMS (UMR 8099 CNRS/Paris V) and Ircam.
U.K. Wiil (Ed.): CMMR 2003, LNCS 2771, pp. 34–41, 2004.
c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
Central Africa The Use of Interactive
Experimental Methods 1st Edition by Fabrice
Marandola ISBN 3540209220 9783540209225 pdf
download
https://ebookball.com/product/lncs-2771-the-study-of-musical-
scales-in-central-africa-the-use-of-interactive-experimental-
methods-1st-edition-by-fabrice-marandola-
isbn-3540209220-9783540209225-10482/
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LNCS 2771 Musical Pattern Extraction Using Genetic Algorithms 1st
Edition by Carlos Grilo, Amilcar Cardoso ISBN 3540209220 9783540209225
https://ebookball.com/product/lncs-2771-musical-pattern-
extraction-using-genetic-algorithms-1st-edition-by-carlos-grilo-
amilcar-cardoso-isbn-3540209220-9783540209225-12188/
LNCS 2771 Ambiguous Live Exploring Collaborative Dynamic Control of
MIDI Sequencers 1st Edition by David Eyers ISBN 3540209220
9783540209225
https://ebookball.com/product/lncs-2771-ambiguous-live-exploring-
collaborative-dynamic-control-of-midi-sequencers-1st-edition-by-
david-eyers-isbn-3540209220-9783540209225-11354/
LNCS 2771 Automatic Extraction of Approximate Repetitions in
Polyphonic Midi Files Based on Perceptive Criteria 1st Edition by
Benoit Meudic, Emmanuel James ISBN 3540209220 9783540209225
https://ebookball.com/product/lncs-2771-automatic-extraction-of-
approximate-repetitions-in-polyphonic-midi-files-based-on-
perceptive-criteria-1st-edition-by-benoit-meudic-emmanuel-james-
isbn-3540209220-9783540209225-13142/
LNCS 2771 Conserving an Ancient Art of Music Making SID Tunes
Editable 1st Edition by Gerald Friedland, Kristian Jantz, Lars
Knipping ISBN 3540209220 9783540209225
https://ebookball.com/product/lncs-2771-conserving-an-ancient-
art-of-music-making-sid-tunes-editable-1st-edition-by-gerald-
friedland-kristian-jantz-lars-knipping-
isbn-3540209220-9783540209225-9980/
,Monetary Policy and Central Banking in the Middle East and North
Africa 1st edition by David Cobham,Ghassan Dibeh 1134023766
9781134023769
https://ebookball.com/product/monetary-policy-and-central-
banking-in-the-middle-east-and-north-africa-1st-edition-by-david-
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Infections of the Central Nervous System: Pathology and Genetics 1st
edition by Fabrice Chretien, Kum Thong Wong, Leroy Sharer, Katy
Keohane, Francoise Gray ISBN 1119467764 978-1119467762
https://ebookball.com/product/infections-of-the-central-nervous-
system-pathology-and-genetics-1st-edition-by-fabrice-chretien-
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isbn-1119467764-978-1119467762-3788/
Infections of the Central Nervous System Pathology and Genetics 1st
edition by Fabrice Chretien, Kum Thong Wong, Leroy Sharer, Katy
Keohane, Francoise Gray ISBN 1119467764 978-1119467762
https://ebookball.com/product/infections-of-the-central-nervous-
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isbn-1119467764-978-1119467762-3708/
Infections of the Central Nervous System Pathology and Genetics 1st
ediiton by Fabrice Chretien, Kum Thong Wong, Leroy Sharer, Katy
Keohane, Francoise Gray ISBN 1119467764 978-1119467762
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isbn-1119467764-978-1119467762-21282/
Advancing Social Studies Education through Self Study Methodology The
Power Promise and Use of Self Study in Social Studies Education 1st
edition by Alicia Crowe ISBN 9048139422 978-9048139422
https://ebookball.com/product/advancing-social-studies-education-
through-self-study-methodology-the-power-promise-and-use-of-self-
study-in-social-studies-education-1st-edition-by-alicia-crowe-
isbn-9048139422-978-9048139422-23508/
, The Study of Musical Scales in Central Africa:
The Use of Interactive Experimental Methods
Fabrice Marandola
LMS (UMR 8099 CNRS-Paris V, France)
Bât.D, 7 rue Guy Môquet
94801 Villejuif, France
Abstract. In the oral traditional cultures of Central Africa, the rules which un-
derline the musical system are rarely verbalised: abstract concepts like “scale”,
“degree” or “interval”, are not just non-verbalised, they are practically unverbalis-
able. Thus the study of musical scales requires the use of interactive experimental
methods. For two years, a research-team leaded by Simha Arom (in collabora-
tion with acousticians of Ircam-Paris) studies the untempered scales used by the
Bedzan Pygmies in their contrapuntal songs and the Ouldeme in their hocket in-
strumental polyphony. The principle of the methods that we have developed is
to make the musicians actors in the experiment, able to react immediately to the
proposals of the investigators and to provide modifications of them, directly or
indirectly.
1 Introduction
In the oral traditional cultures of Central Africa, the rules which underline the musical
system are rarely verbalised: abstract concepts like “scale”, “degree” or “interval”, are
not just non-verbalised, they are practically unverbalisable; there is indeed conception,
but not conceptualisation. Thus the study of musical scales requires the use of interac-
tive experimental methods. This seems the only way to catch the principles on which
they are based on.
Pioneering work in the field of instrumental music — the tuning of xylophones —
has been conducted by Simha Arom since 1989, in Central Africa and in Indonesia
[ [1, 2]]. The recent development of most sophisticated acoustical computerised equip-
ment has enabled us to enlarge the framework of interactive experimentation by adapt-
ing it also to vocal music, be it monodic or polyphonic. For two years (2000-2002), a
research-team leaded by Simha Arom studied the untempered scales used by the Bedzan
Pygmies in their contrapuntal songs and by the Ouldeme in their hocket instrumental
polyphony1.
The scales of these two ethnic groups are not only non-tempered, but also present
some remarkable properties. In Bedzan Pygmies vocal polyphony for example, the same
1 This research was supported by French Ministry for Research, Action Concertée Incitative
Cognitique, project A 108 “Conception and perception of musical scales in traditional oral
cultures: the case of Ouldeme and Bedzan Pygmies of Cameroon”, and has been conducted in
a collaboration between LMS (UMR 8099 CNRS/Paris V) and Ircam.
U.K. Wiil (Ed.): CMMR 2003, LNCS 2771, pp. 34–41, 2004.
c Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2004
